BALNIMALCON Fulltext Notes

Transkript

1 Namık Kemal University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science VI th International Balkan Animal Conference BALNIMALCON 2013 Fulltext Notes 3-5 October 2013 Tekirdag / Turkey

2 Brucellosis and Its Importance in Terms of Public Health Recep KARA* Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey *e mail : recepkara83@hotmail.com Tel : +90 (555) Abstract Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Brucella spp. in humans and animals in many countries. Brucellosis is an infectious disease primarily from animals to humans and caused serious problems for human health and economic terms. In Turkey, prevalence of Brucellosis reported in cattle, sheep, and goats. Prevalence of Brucellosis is not known in humans, is reported to be 2-6%. Brucellosis in animals is spreading usually infected waste fetus, fetal membranes, vaginal discharge, placenta, amniotic fluids and waste. Among the people of the infection, is spread direct contact with infected uterus and currents, especially the fresh cheese made from raw milk and raw milk. Prevention of Brucellosis is primarily important the control of the disease in animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. The increase in the number and quality of screening studies, veterinarians and farm workers should be protective measures. The most important factor in protecting of people should be consumed of pasteurized milk and milk products. Finally, should be done educations for animal breeders and consumers. Keywords: Animals, Brucella spp., Brucellosis, Cheese, Milk Introduction

3 Brucellosis in humans and animals in many countries all over the world is a zoonotic infection caused by Brucella spp. Infection in humans is known as Malta fever or floating fire (Arda et al., 1997). The disease is especially seen in the sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo, dogs, other farm animals and wild animals. Brucellosis is scattered throughout the world and is endemic in most developed countries (Trujillo et al., 1994). Brucella spp. have been categorized as Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, Brucella ovis, Brucella neatomae and Brucella canis according to their pathogenic characteristics and the host they settled in (Robinson et al., 2000). Later, three more Brucella species have been defined as Brucella ceti, Brucella pinnipedialis and Brucella microti (Anonim, 2008). Among these Brucella species, four of them are pathogen for humans. These are B. melitensis (sheep, goat), B. abortus (cattle), B. suis (boar) and B. canis (canine). The primary source of Brucellosis in humans all over the world is B. melitensis (Brew et al., 1999). In Turkey, Brucellosis is a disease which is obligatory to be notified in both humans and animals (Anonim, 2005). Brusellosis in humans is a notifiable disease in many countries; yet, official figures do not reflect the true situation. It has been estimated that the cases occurred are times more than reported (Anonim, 2004). In addition, Brucella infections are observed 4 times more during the summer time as a result of increased opportunity of travelling to rural areas and obtaining fresh cheese and cream which are among dairy products (Sözen, 1996). Brucella screening studies in humans in Turkey have identified Brucellosis rates as 6,2 %for the farmers in Malatya (Durmaz et al., 1997); breeders, butchers and workers who work for dairy product plants respectively 13,3%, 8,6 % and 15,7 % in Afyonkarahisar (Altındiş, 2001); 4,8 % in another study in Afyonkarahisar (Çetinkaya et al., 2005); 3,2 % in a study which contained Central Anatolia (Sümer et al., 2003); 2,2% in Diyarbakır (Atmaca et al., 2004); %3,4 in Kayseri (Çetinkaya et al., 2005); Rose Bengal and tube agglutination tests respectively 14.6% and 13.7% in Kayseri (Oguzkaya and Baykan, 2006); the tube agglutination test and Rose-Bengal test respectively 5.4%, and 11.9% in Erzurum (Vançelik et al., 2008). The studies with the animals which contain Brucella reservoir in our country found the rates as in the following: brucellosis-positive rates of blood sera of cattle, sheep and goat were respectively 4,1%, 8,96 %and 5,5%, in the Aegean Region (Gökçen and Eskiizmirliler, 1998); B. melitensis were seen at the 20% of wasted sheep and goat fetuses in Elazığ (Muz et al., 1999); the rates were 1,97 % for the cattle and 1,43 % for the sheep in another study which was conducted all over the country (İyisan et al., 2000); the rates were 6,25 % with Rose Bengal

4 test and 5,93 % with serum agglutination test for the cattle in Van (Solmaz et al., 2002); a similar study conducted in Van with Rose Bengal and standard tube agglutination tests found the rates as 19,6 % and 22,9% for the sheep ; 20,9 % and 21,7% for the cattle, respectively; the rates were found as 21.5% for the goat with both tests (Ceylan et al. 2003). Brucellosis generally spreads among the animals with infectious waste fetus; fetal membranes; vaginal discharges, amniotic fluids, and placenta drains of the animals which foal (Figueroa et al., 1995). Infection among the cattle is mostly the result of direct contact with the animals which has just aborted; contamination of pastures and animal shelters and the use of contaminated feed. Moreover, transmission of the disease is possible through inhalation, conjuctival route, contamination of the skin, and infected milking cups (Hazıroğlu and Milli, 2001). The disease can be transported via the infected colostrum which is used for feeding the new born calves. Mating usually plays a minor role in the transmission of Brucellosis in the cattle. Although the transmission patterns in the sheep and goat are similar to the cattle s, this time, mating plays a significant role. B. canis infections in canines are seen to be the result of the direct contact with the animals which have just aborted or the contamination of the medium and the food. In addition, the tick plays an important role in the transmission of the disease among the canine (Anonim, 2006). The disease transmits to the humans via the infected carcass, direct contact with the infected uterus or its drains, inhalation of contaminated dusts, and consumption of infected raw or unpasteurized milk or dairy products (Nielsen et al., 1996). Brucella is seen in the veterinarian, breeders, workers in the process of animal product processing and packaging, and laboratory workers (Ruben et al., 1991). Due to contamination of the disease during treatment or vaccination of animals and laboratory studies, especially veterinarians and laboratory personnel are occupational groups at the risk of the disease (Young, 2000; Fiori et al., 2000). Workers in the process of animal product processing and packaging can get the disease via inhalation from infected carcass, conjuctival route, and the scars on their skin (Ruben et al., 1991). It has been reported that transmission of the disease from person to person, leastwise, might be a result of transplantation, blood transfusions or sexual intercourse (Mantur et al., 1996; Ertem et al., 2000; Doğanay et al., 2001). Meat and meat products are rarely a source of Brucellosis infection in humans that they are rarely consumed raw and contain the small number of bacteria (Young, 2005). It has also

5 been reported that the exposure of the vegetables to the contamination depending on the use of infected animal manure as fertilizer play an important role in the transmission (Akhan and Akova, 1996). The main cause of the excessive spread of the infection among people, particularly in rural areas, is the consumption of the infected food, raw milk, and especially fresh cheese, cream, and butter made of raw milk (Sözen, 1996; Erol, 1997). Various studies conducted in Turkey have proved the existence of Brucella spp. at different rates in the milk of different animals. In this frame, Kenar and Altındiş (2001) have detected the rate as 6% in the milk samples from Afyonkarahisar; Türütoğlu et al. (2003) have reported the rates as 3% in the cattle milk and 2,2% in the sheep milk in Burdur province; Eren (2004) has announced that 25% of the cow s milk samples in Afyonkarahisar contains Brucella spp. (5% B. abortus,20 % B. melitensis); Terzi (2006) has reported that the 20% of the cow s milk samples and 12% of the goat s milk samples contain Brucella spp. in Samsun. The studies with the cheese which is the most commonly consumed and produced dairy product and their findings are like these: Mert (1984) has found the Brucella spp. rate as 19,3 % at white cheese in Ankara (90% B. melitensis, 10% B. abortus); Tunçbilek (1992) has found the rate as 4% Brucella spp. (1% B. abortus, 3% B. melitensis) white cheese samples in Ankara; Sancak et al. (1993) has found 17,5 %Brucella spp. (15% B. melitensis, 2,5% B. abortust) in Van herb cheese; Patır and Dinçoğlu (2001) has detected Brucella spp in Elazığ white cheese at the rate of 3,3%, in tulum cheeses at the rate of 1,8%.; Kalender et al. (2001) have found Brucella spp. (%81,3 B. melitensis, %18,7 B. abortus) in fresh tulum cheeses samples in the provinces of Elazığ, Erzincan and Tunceli at the rate of 20,5%; Güllüce et al. (2003), have discovered 21,66% of B. abortus antigen in Erzurum white cheese samples although they have not detected any in Çivil and curd cheese samples. Eren (2004) has found Brucella spp in Afyonkarahisar white cheese at the rate of 2% while Alim and Tomul (2005) have reported the existence of Brucella spp. in fresh cheese samples from Sivas at the rates of 7,1% and 8,5%, respectively, in 2003 and Kara and Akkaya (2013) have determinate Brucella spp. in Afyonkarahisar white cheese samples at the rates of 9% (7% B. melitensis, 2% B. abortus), and in Afyon Tulum Cheese at the rates of 3% (2% B. melitensis, 1% B. abortus). Küplülü and Sarımehmetoğlu (2004) have found that the ice-cream contained Brucella spp. (B.abortus) at the rate of 5%. Result

6 Direct control over the animals such as the sheep, goat, and the cattle and eradicating the disease in these animals are of vital importance in preventing Brucellosis. Besides, the variety and the quality of the studies on both animals and food must be increased. Some of the protective measures for the risk groups such as veterinarians, laboratory personnel, and slaughterhouse and farm workers are to wear gloves, gowns, and protective eyewear. Also, contaminated tools and equipment must be cleaned and disinfected (Robinson et al., 2000). The most significant factor in protecting people from Brucellosis is to consume pasteurized milk and dairy products. On the production of fresh cheese, raw milk should not be used; and the cheese must be consumed once maturization phase is over (Magid, 2000). Finally, cooperation should be ensured in the disease control; some awareness-rising studies must be conducted for breeders and consumers. Referances Arda M., Minbay A., Leloglu N. ve Akay Ö. (1997) Özel Mikrobiyoloji-Epidemiyoloji, Bakteriyel ve Mikotik Enfeksiyonlar. Medisan Yayın Serisi, No: 26, s: , Ankara. Trujillo I.Z., Zavala A.N., Cacares J.G. and Miranda C.Q. (1994) Brucellosis. Infect Dis Clin North Amr, 8, Robinson R.K., Batt C.A. and Patel P.D. (2000) Encycclopedia of food Microbiology. In Brucella. (ed) Academic pres., London, vol:1, pp: Anonim, (2008) International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes- Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Brucella. Brew S.D., Perrett L.L., Stack J.A., MacMillan A.P. and Staunton N.J. (1999) Human exposure to Brucella recovered from a sea mammal. Vet Rec, 144, 483. Tunçbilek M. (1992) Ankara piyasasında satılan taze beyaz peynirlerin Brucellosis riski yönünden incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Besin Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara. Anonim, (2005) T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü: Bulaşıcı Hastalıkların Bildirimi Sistemi Yönergesi Erişim : Anonim, (2004) Brucellosis. T.C.Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Koruma ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü Erişim: Sözen T.H. (1996) Bruselloz. İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları. Ed.:Topçu AV, Söyletir G, Doğanay M. Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, s: , İstanbul. Durmaz R., Durmaz B., Rafiq M. and Sönmez E. (1997) Seropositivity of Brucellosis in Malatya, Turkey. Turkish J. of Med. Sci., 27(2),

7 Altındiş M. (2001) Afyon Bölgesi Besicilerinde, Kasaplarda, Süt Ürünleri Toplayıcısı, imalathanelerinde Çalışanlarda Bruselloz Seropozitifliği. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 15(1), Sümer H., Sümer Z., Alim A., Nur N. and Özdemir L. (2003) Seroprevalence of Brucella in an Elderly Population in Mid-Anatolia, Turkey. J Health Popul Nutr, 21(2), Atmaca S., Özekinci T., Akpolat N., Elçi S., Suay A. and Asıkan E. (2004) Brucellosis Seroprevalance in Southeast Turkey (Diyarbakır). Turk J Med Sci, 34, Çetinkaya Z., Aktepe O.C., Çiftci I.H., and Demirel R. (2005) Seroprevalence of Human Brucellosis in a Rural Area of Western Anatolis, Turkey. J Health Popul Nutr, 23(2), Çetinkaya F., Naçar M., Koç A.N., Gökahmetoğlu S. and Aydırn T. (2005) Prevalance of Brucellozis in the rural area of Kayseri, central Anatolia Turkey. Turk J med Sci, 35, Oğuzkaya-Artan M. ve Baykan Z. (2006) Kayseri İli Kocasinan İlçesi Yazır Köyü nde 15 Yaş ve Üzeri Nüfusta Bruselloz Seroprevalansı. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 20(1), Vancelik S., Guraksin A. and Ayyıldız A. (2008) Seroprevalence of human Brucellosis in rural endemic areas in eastern Turkey. Trop Doct, 38, Eren E. (2004) Afyon bölgesinde toplanan süt ve peynir örneklerinden Brucella türlerinin saptanması. A.K.Ü. Tıp Fakültesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyonkarahisar. Gökçen S. ve Eskiismirliler S. (1998) Bornova Veteriner Kontrol Ve Araştırma Enstitüsü ne Yılları Arasında Ege Bölgesi İllerinden Gönderilen Siğır, Koyun Ve Keçi Kan Serumlarında Brucella Pozitiflik Oranı. Bornova Vet Kontr ve Araşt Enst Md Derg, 23, 37. Muz A., Ertaş H.B., Öngör H., Gülcü H.B., Özer H., Eröksüz H., Dabak M., Başbuğ O. ve Kalender H. (1999) Elazığ ve Çevresinde Koyun ve Keçilerde Abortus Olgularının Bakteriyolojik, Serolojik ve Patolojik Olarak İncelenmesi. J of Vet and Ani Sci, 23(1), İyisan A.S., Akmaz O., Duzgun S.G., Ersoy Y., Eskiizmirliler S. and Guler L. (2000) Seroepidemiology of Brucellosis on cattle and sheep in Turkey. J Pendik Vet Microbiol, 31, Solmaz H., Tütüncü M., Gülhan T., Ekin İ.H. ve Talaş İ. (2002) Van Yöresi Süt Sığırlarında Brucellozis in İnsidensi Üzerine İnceleme. YYÜ Vet Fak Derg, 13(1-2), Ceylan E., Irmak H., Buzğan T., Karahocagil M.K., Evirgen Ö., Sakarya N., Akdeniz H. ve Demiröz A.P. (2003) Van İline Bağlı Bazı Köylerde İn san ve Hayvan Populasyonunda Bruselloz Seroprevalansı. Van Tıp Dergisi, 10, 1.

8 Figueroa D.R., Rojas R.L. and Marcano T.E.S. (1995) Brucellosis in pregnancy: course and perinatal results. Ginecol Obstet Mex, 63, Hazıroğlu R. ve Milli Ü.H. (2001) Veteriner Patoloji Cilt 2, Medipress. Ankara. Anonim, (2006) World Health Organization (WHO). Brucellosis in humans andanimals. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. Young E.J. (2000) Brucella species. In : Mandel G.L., Bennet J.E., Dolin R. (eds). Principles and practice of infectious Diseases. Churchill Livingstone. Philedelphia, Nielsen K.H., Kelly L., Gall D., Balsevicius S., Basse J., Nicoletti P. and Kelly W. (1996) Comparison of enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of bovine Brucellosis, Prev Vet Med, 26, Ruben B., Band J.D., Wong P. and Colville J. (1991) Person-to-person transmission of Brucella melitensis. Lancet, 337, Fiori P.L., Mastrandrea S., Rappelli P., and Cappuccinelli P. (2000) Brucella abortus Infection Acquired in Microbiology Labaratories. J of Cli Mic, p Mantur B.G., Mangalgi S.S. and Mulimani M. (1996) Brucella melitensis: Asexually transmissible agent? Lancet, 347, Ertem M., Kürekçi A.E., Aysev D., Ünal E. and İkincioğulları A. (2000) Brucellosis Transmitted by Bone Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transp, 26, Doğanay M., Aygen B., Eşel D. (2001). Brucellosis deu to blood transfusion. J Hosp Infect., 49: Young E.J. (2005) Brucella species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett J.E, Dolin R., (eds). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett s Principles and Practice of Infectious Disaeses. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, Akhan S.A. ve Akova M. (1996) Brucellozis. In: İliçin G., Ünal S. ve Süleymanlar G. eds. Temel İç Hastalıkları 1. Baskı. Ankara: Güneş Kitapevi, s: Erol İ. (1997) Gıda Kaynaklı Brucella İnfeksiyonlarının Halk Sağlığı Yönünden Önemi. Üretim, 3-4, Kenar B. ve Altındiş M. (2001). Afyon Bölgesi Süt Örneklerinde Brucella Antikoru Araştırması. Türk Hij Den Biyol Derg, 58(3), Türütoğlu H., Mutluer B. ve Uysal Y. (2003) Burdur Yöresinde toplanan sütlerin Brucella infeksiyonu yönünden araştırılması. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 27, Terzi G. (2006) Samsun Bölgesinde Toplanan Sütlerde Milk Ring Test ve Aglütinasyon Testi ile Antikorunun Araştırılması. TAF Prev Med Bulletin, 5, 3.

9 Mert A. (1984) Ankara yöresinde pazarlanan taze peynirlerde ların varlığı üzerine araştırmalar. A Ü Vet Fak, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstütüsü, Doktora Tezi, Ankara. Sancak Y.C., Boynukara B. ve Yardımci H. (1993) Van Otlu Peynirlerinde ların Varlığı ve Dayanma Süresi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Veterinarium, 4, 1. Patır B. ve Dinçoğlu A.H. (2001) Elazığ da Tüketime Sunulan Taze Peynirler ile Tulum Peynirlerinde Araştırmalar. Fırat Üniv Sağık Bilim Derg Veteriner, 15(1): Kalender H., Celal Ö. ve Arslan N. (2001). Taze tulum peynirlerinden izolasyonu. Türk Mikr Cem Derg, 31(3-4), Güllüce M., Adıgüzel A. ve Algur Ö.F. (2003) Erzurum Bölgesinde Temin Edilen Çeşitli Peynir Örneklerinde Antijenlerinin ELISA ile Saptanması. Türk Mik Cem Derg, 33, Alim A. and Tomul Z.D. (2005) Investigation of Brucella in the fresh cheese samples sold at the bazaars of district in Sivas Center, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul, 39(2): Küplülü O. and Sarımehmetoğlu B. (2004) Isolation and İdentification of spp. İn ice Cream. Food Control, 15, Magid A.H. (2000) Brucellosis. CPD Infection, 2,