Temperatures. SI engines exhaust gas temp o C average o C at idle and 900 o C at max power

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1 Temperatures SI engines exhaust gas temp o C average o C at idle and 900 o C at max power when exhaust valve opens, in cylinder gas temperature is o C more CI engines o C average cooling occurs due to larger expansion in Diesel engines 1

2 Pollutant Formation IC engine exhaust gases contain oxides of nitrogen (NO and some amounts of NO2 collectively known as NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC). Soot and PM in Diesel engines. The amounts depend on engine design and operating conditions. These pollutants are measured as concentrations; CO, CO 2, O 2 as vol. [%] NO, NO 2, NO x as [ppm] (parts per million) HC as [ppm] or [ppm C] eg 1 ppm propan, C 3 H 8 3 ppm C 2

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4 Control of Pollutant Emissions Combustion related applications : EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) Water and alcohol injection Exhaust gas treatment : Thermal reactors Catalytic converters Traps and filters 4

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6 Air / Air Intercooler EGR system Turbocharger with EGR system turbocharged engines Air filter Intake manifold Engine Exhaust manifold EGR valve EGR cooler Particulate trap NOx sensor p sensor 6

7 EGR control 7

8 Exhaust Gas Treatment Thermal reactors Require high temperatures, oxygen availability, sufficient time for reactions. Used for oxidation of CO and HC Rich mixture + O2 supplement : CO oxidation in exhaust system increases T, but fuel consumption also increases. Lean mixture + late ignition : high exhaust temperatures, but loss in power output Exhaust Gas Treatment Catalytic converters Oxidizing catalysts for HC and CO Reducing catalysts for NOx Three-way catalysys for all three pollutants 8

9 Catalytic Converters Catalytic Converters 9

10 Catalytic Converters Catalytic Converters 10

11 Exhaust Gas Treatment C m H n + [m+n/4] O 2 m CO 2 + n/2 H 2 O (1) CO + ½ O 2 CO 2 (2) H 2 + ½ O 2 H 2 O (3) CO + NO ½ N 2 + CO 2 (4) C m H n + 2 [m+n/4] NO [m+n/4] N 2 + n/2 H 2 O + m CO 2 (5) H 2 + NO ½ N 2 + H 2 O (6) SO 2 + ½ O 2 SO 3 (7) 5/2 H 2 + NO NH 3 + H 2 O (8) SO H 2 H 2 S + 2 H 2 O (9) NH 3 + CH 4 HCN + 3 H 2 (10) CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 (11) CH n + 2 H 2 O CO 2 + [2+n/2] H 2 (12) Exhaust Gas Treatment CO + ½ O 2 CO 2 (2) CO + NO ½ N 2 + CO 2 (4) In lean mixtures reaction (2) is dominant O2 is present CO is reduced by oxidation and insufficient CO for the relatively slow reaction(4). CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 (11) CH n + 2 H 2 O CO 2 + [2+n/2] H 2 (12) In rich mixtures reactions (11) and (12) have to be faster. 11

12 Exhaust Gas Treatment Emission Regulations 12

13 Emission Regulations 13

14 Emission Regulations Emission Regulations 14

15 hız ( km/h ) hız ( km/h ) Emission Regulations EU test cycle NEDC zaman (s) Çevrim Uzunluğu: 11,007 km Çevrim Süresi: 1180 s Ortalama Hız: 33,6 km/h Azami Hız: 120 km/h Emission Regulations US FTP 75 cycle FTP zaman (s) Çevrim Uzunluğu: 17,87 km Çevrim Süresi: s Ortalama Hız: 34,1 km/h Azami Hız: 91,2 km/h 15

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17 Istanbul Driving Cycle Istanbul Driving Cycle Hız [km/h] Zaman [s] Distance covered: 8.61 km Duration: 1003 s Average speed: 30.9 km/h Max speed: 78.0 km/h 17

18 Emission Regulations Taşıt Parkı Dağılımı - Otomobiller EKB(*) R EURO EURO EURO Toplam Türkiye geneli, Benzin-motorlu Otomobiller (2007) (*) Emisyon Kontrol donanımı Bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi 18

19 EKB 10 R EURO1 3 EURO3 5 EURO4 3 Toplam 30 Test Edilen Araçlar Test edilen Benzin-motorlu Otomobiller Test Edilen Araçlar Taşıt No Marka Model Motor Hacmi (cc) Model Yılı Emisyon Standartı Kütlesi Vites Tipi Menzil (km) 1 VW Bora 1600cc 2004 EURO düz Tofaş Murat 1300cc 1979 EKB 935 düz Mazda cc 2003 EURO düz Renault Clio 1400cc 2007 EURO düz Toyota Corolla 1600cc düz Nissan Micra 1300cc düz Ford Focus 1600cc 2008 EURO düz Mazda cc 1998 EURO düz BMW 316 i 1600cc 1990 EKB 1065 düz Tofaş Kartal S 1600cc düz VW Polo 1600cc 1998 EURO düz Tofaş Şahin 1600cc 1990 EKB 1010 düz Renault Broadway 1400 cc 1989 EKB 880 düz Opel Corsa GSI 1600cc 1997 EURO düz Citroen Xsara 1600cc 2000 EURO düz Mitsubishi Carisma 1600cc 1999 EURO düz Honda Civic 1400cc düz Lada Vega 1500cc 2000 EURO düz

20 Test Edilen Araçlar Taşıt No Marka Model Motor Hacmi (cc) Model Yılı Emisyon Standartı Kütlesi Vites Tipi Menzil (km) 19 Tofaş Şahin cc 1992 EKB 945 düz Tofaş Doğan 1600cc 1987 EKB 1050 düz BMW cc 1991 EKB 1270 düz Tofaş Serçe 1300cc 1990 EKB 900 düz Hyundai Elantra 1800cc otomatik Fiat Palio 1400cc düz Hyundai Elantra 1800cc düz Honda Civic A 1600cc 2002 EURO otomatik Renault 12 SW 1400 cc 1979 EKB 950 düz VW Beetle 1272cc 1984 EKB 900 düz Toyota Corolla 1600cc düz Nissan Infiniti 3000cc düz CO Emisyonları AB test çevrimi 20

21 CO Emisyonları ABD FTP 75 çevrimi Kümülatif CO Emisyonları 21

22 Intake valve 22

23 CO Emisyonları FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC CO [g-co/km] EKB(*) 16,50 17,77 36,47 46 R ,31 10,24 13,91 19 EURO1 2,36 3,39 7,07 2,9 EURO3 2,63 3,74 5,88 2,9 EURO4 0,43 0,52 1,37 - (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) HC Emisyonları AB test çevrimi 23

24 HC Emisyonları ABD FTP 75 çevrimi Kümülatif HC Emisyonları 24

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28 HC Emisyonları FTP AB IDC (**) HC [g-hc/km] EKB(*) 2,99 2,19 4,14 R ,40 1,13 1,53 EURO1 0,60 0,65 0,92 EURO3 0,54 0,52 0,72 EURO4 0,05 0,05 0,16 (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) 28

29 NOx Emisyonları AB test çevrimi NOx Emisyonları ABD FTP 75 çevrimi 29

30 Kümülatif NOx Emisyonları NOx Emisyonları FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC NOx [g-nox/km] EKB(*) 1,15 1,33 0,85 2,2 R ,06 1,16 1,02 2,3 EURO1 0,59 0,72 0,66 0,5 EURO3 0,30 0,40 0,37 0,5 EURO4 0,03 0,05 0,08 (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) 30

31 Yakıt Tüketimi ve Emisyonlar CO2 [g/km] FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC Yakıt [l /100km] CO2 [g/km] Yakıt [l /100km] CO2 [g/km] Yakıt [l /100km] CO2 [g/km] EKB(*) 149,5 7,9 169,1 8,6 157,4 9,6 270 R ,2 6,8 166,1 7,8 165,9 8,1 200 EURO1 134,8 6,0 169,5 7,5 170,2 7,8 205 EURO3 133,3 5,9 155,4 6,9 159,6 7,2 205 EURO4 144,9 6,2 153,6 6,5 164,7 7,1 205 (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) 31

32 Motor Dinamometresi 32

33 R49 13 mode steady state Diesel test cycle ESC cycle - 13 mode steady state Replaced R49 in 2000 The engine speeds are defined as follows: The high speed nhi is determined by calculating 70% of the declared maximum net power. The highest engine speed where this power value occurs (i.e. above the rated speed) on the power curve is defined as nhi. The low speed nlo is determined by calculating 50% of the declared maximum net power. The lowest engine speed where this power value occurs (i.e. below the rated speed) on the power curve is defined as nlo. The engine speeds A, B, and C to be used during the test are then calculated from the following formulas: A = nlo (nhi - nlo) B = nlo (nhi - nlo) C = nlo (nhi - nlo) 33

34 ETC transient cycle Vehicle speed FIGE cycle Engine speed Engine torque Dizel motorları Light off temperature - %50 dönüşüm veriminin sağlandığı sıcaklık Catalyst window sıcaklık artşı ile dönüşüm verimi düşüşü, örneğin SCR 34

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36 Catego ry M M 1 M 2 M 3 N N 1 N 2 N 3 O Description Vehicle Categories Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers. Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver s seat Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver s seat, and having a maximum mass ( technically permissible maximum laden mass ) not exceeding 5 tons Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver s seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 tons Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods. Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tons but not exceeding 12 tons Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 12 tons Trailers (including semi-trailers) G* Off-Road Vehicles * Symbol G shall be combined with either symbol M or N. For example, a vehicle of category N 1 which is suited for off-road use shall be designated as N 1 G. 36

37 Emission Standards Table 1 EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M 1 *), g/km Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM Compression Ignition (Diesel) Euro (3.16) (1.13) (0.18) Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro b e Euro e Positive Ignition (Gasoline) Euro (3.16) (1.13) - - Euro Euro Euro Euro b c d,e Euro c d,e * At the Euro 1..4 stages, passenger vehicles > 2,500 kg were type approved as Category N 1 vehicles Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits a - until (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits) b for all models c - and NMHC = g/km d - applicable only to vehicles using DI engines e g/km using the PMP measurement procedure Category Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM Compression Ignition (Diesel) N 1, Class I 1305 kg Euro Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro b e Euro e N 1, Class II kg Euro Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro c e Euro e N 1, Class III >1760 kg Euro Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro c e Euro e N 2 Euro c e Euro e 37

38 Basic configuration of vehicle testing equipment 38

39 Constant Volume Sampling (CVS) 39

40 Exhaust Gas Treatment 40

41 Air-to-fuel Ratio and Exhaust Gas Composition 41

42 Coriolis Flow Meter 42

43 PM Emisyonları Ölçümü Seyreltme Tüneli 43

44 Particulate Matter (PM) Smoke measurement by Opacimeter 44

45 Particulate Matter (PM) Smoke measurement by Light Reflection 45

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47 ALEV İYONİZAYON DETEKTÖRÜ FID (Flame ionization detector) H2 O2 difüzyon alevinden oluşmakta İyonlardan arınmış karışıma eklenen HC miktarına bağlı olarak iyon akısı artmakta Sisteme eklenen HC lar sonucu pozitif iyonlar kolektöre negatif iyonlar aleve doğru yönelmekte iyonizasyon akımı oluşmakta parafinik olefinik aromatik HC lar sırası ile etki azalmakta 47

48 Kimyasal Işın Ölçümü NO ile ozon reaksiyonu sonucu oluşan NO2 nin uyarılmış duruma dönüştürülmesi sırasında açığa çıkan foton enerjisi ölçümü ile NOx belirlenmesi Monitor for Following the Test Cycle 48

49 Robot driver mounted in a vehicle Tailpipe Emissions CO2 is stable about 13% H2O inc as turns into vapor state During deceleration, fuel is cut-off and CO2 is reduced 49

50 Evaporative Emissions SHED Tests 50

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