İyi akşamlar Good evening. Güle güle / İyi günler Bye / Goodbye (Good day) Bir şey değil / Ricā ederim You're welcome / My pleasure

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1 1. Some Basic Phrases Merhabā / İyi günler Hello / Good day İyi akşamlar Good evening İyi geceler Good night Selâm / Merhabā Hi (merhabā is more common) Güle güle / İyi günler Bye / Goodbye (Good day) Lütfen Please Teşekkür ederim / Sağol Thank you / Thanks Bir şey değil / Ricā ederim You're welcome / My pleasure Hoş geldiniz / Hoş geldin Welcome (formal / informal) Sonra görüşürüz See you later Görüşürüz! See you! Yarın görüşürüz See you tomorrow Özür dilerim! Sorry! Affedersiniz / Pardon! Excuse me! Hadi gidelim! Let's go! Nasılsınız? How are you? (formal) Nasılsın / Nāber? How are you? / What s up? (inf.) İyi değilim / Fenā değil Not fine / not bad İyiyim. I'm fine. İyilik. I'm fine. (informal) Evet / Hayır / Yok Yes / no / no (common inf. use) İsminiz? What's your name? (formal) İsmin/Adın ne? What's your name? (informal) Adım / İsmim My name is... Memnun oldum Nice to meet you. Bey, Hanım Mister, Misses Hanımlar ve Beyler Ladies and gentlemen Nerelisiniz? Where are you from? (formal) Nerelisin? Where are you from? (informal) lıyım / liyim. I am from... Nerede oturuyorsunuz? Where do you live? (formal) Nerede oturuyorsun? Where do you live? (informal) de/da/te/ta oturuyorum. I live in... Kaç yaşındasınız? How old are you? (formal) Kaç yaşındasın? How old are you? (informal) yaşındayım. I am years old. Türkçe biliyor musunuz? Do you speak [know] Turkish? (formal) İngilizce biliyor musun? Do you speak [know] English? (informal) Biliyorum / Bilmiyorum. I speak [know] / I don t speak Anlıyor musunuz? / Anlıyor musun? Do you understand? (formal / informal) Anlıyorum / Anlamıyorum. I understand / I don t understand. Biliyorum / Bilmiyorum. I know / I don t know.

2 Yardım eder misiniz? / Yardım eder misin? Can you help me? (formal / informal) Tabii / Tabii ki Of course. Efendim? What? Pardon me? nerede? Where is... / Where are...? İşte / Buyurun There it is / Here you are. var /...vardı. There is/are... / There was/were... Türkçe de nasıl denir? How do you say in Turkish? Bu ne? / Bunun mānāsı ne? What is this? / What does this mean? Neyin var? What's the matter? Önemli bir şey değil. It doesn't matter. Ne oluyor? What's happening? Hiç bilmiyorum. I have no idea. Yoruldum / Hastayım. I'm tired / sick. Acıktım / Susadım. I'm hungry / thirsty. Yandım / Üşüdüm. I'm hot / cold. Sıkıldım. I'm bored. Beni ilgilendirmez I don't care. Merāk etmeyin / Merāk etme. Don't worry (formal / informal) Sorun değil / Önemli değil It's no problem. / It's alright. Unuttum. I forgot. Gitmem lāzım. I must go. Çok yaşayın / Çok yaşa! Bless you! (formal / informal) Tebrikler / Tebrik ederim. Congratulations! Kolay gelsin! / İyi şanslar! (wish of success) / Good luck! (less common) Sıra sizde / Sıra sende It's your turn! (formal / informal) Sessiz olun / Sessiz ol! Be quiet! (formal / informal) Seni seviyorum. I love you (singular) Notice that Turkish has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Turkish (as well as in many other languages). The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone who is older than you or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example). As in many Romance languages, personal pronouns can be omitted, and they are only added for emphasis. Turkish has Vowel Harmony. That s why we have given a choice of suffixes in the example I live in. This will be dealt with in later sections. In the examples used, we have used a vowel lengthener sign (as in ā, ī and ū) to differentiate between short and long vowels. Note that it does not show the stress; rather it shows that the vowel is pronounced longer. The ^ sign is used to soften the consonant that precedes it. The length and the softening of vowels is conveyed through this one sign ^ in standard writing. Even then it is only used in certain words or phrases nowadays. For that reason we have used two different signs and have put it at every point where needed, to help the new learner.

3 3. Subject Pronouns ben I biz we sen you (singular) siz you (formal&plural) o he / she / it onlar they The plural you, siz, is also used for formal address. The subject pronouns for the third person singular and plural (o and onlar) are generally replaced by the noun they specify (i.e. the person, the object) in the spoken language. 4. General Vocabulary and ve friend arkadaş but ama man adam only sādece woman kadın now şimdi boy çocuk; oğul at the moment şu anda baby bebek always her zaman girl kız never hiç child çocuk something bir şey book kitap nothing hiçbir şey pencil kalem also / too de/da paper kâğıt again yine; gene; tekrar dog köpek of course tabii; tabii ki cat kedi 5. Question Words what ne

4 why niye when ne zaman where nerede how nasıl how much / many ne kadar / kaç which / which one hangi / hangisi who kim whom kimi to whom kime whose kimin from where nereden to where nereye Nereden biliyorsun? How do you know? Kimi tanıyorsun? Whom do you know? Kaç dil öğreniyorsun? How many languages are you learning? Hangi üniversitede okuyorsun? In which university are you studying? Niye gülüyorsun? Why are you laughing? 6. The suffix to be and Vowel Harmony ben -im I am biz -iz we are sen -sin you are (sing.) siz -siniz you are (plural) o -dur he / she / it is onlar -dırlar they are The suffixes dur and dırlar are mostly omitted in speech, and they can sometimes be left out in the written language.

5 The vowels used in the suffix to be shifts with Vowel Harmony. Vowel Harmony is easy to learn. The vowels are divided into two groups for this: The A-undotted group and the E-dotted group. Note: Instead of memorizing the subtleties of each rule, it is more helpful to study the examples below by writing them down and repeating them with a loud voice, thus gaining a sense of the language. The A-undotted group includes the vowels a,ı,o,u. The vowel used in the last syllable of a word defines the way vowel harmony is constructed. If the last vowel is a or ı, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is ı. arkadaş >> arkadaş + ız >> Biz arkadaşız. We are friends. hasta >> hasta + sınız >> Hastasınız. You are ill. If the last vowel is o or u, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is u. tok >> tok + um >> Tokum. I am full. The E-dotted group consists of the vowels e,i,ö,ü. If the last vowel is e or i, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is i. ben >> ben + im >> Benim. It s me. (lit. I am. ) If the last vowel is ö or ü, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is ü. üzgün >> üzgün + sün >> Üzgünsün. You are upset. mutlu - happy ( ending in a vowel ) mutlu + y + um I am happy mutlu + y + uz we are happy mutlu + sun you are happy mutlu + sunuz you are happy (plural) mutlu he/she/it is happy mutlu they are happy If the word ends in a vowel, y is added before suffixes for I and we. hasta >> hasta + y + ım >> Hastayım. I m ill. evde >> evde + y + iz >> Evdeyiz. "We are at home."

6 It should be noted that there are words that end with a soft L. In this case, the endings take E dotted vowels instead. meşgūl >> meşgūl+üz >> Meşgūlüz. We are busy. 7. To Read, Study and to Learn okumak - to read/to study öğrenmek - to learn okuyorum okuyoruz öğreniyorum öğreniyoruz okuyorsun okuyorsunuz öğreniyorsun öğreniyorsunuz okuyor okuyorlar öğreniyor öğreniyorlar Türkçe öğreniyorum. I m learning Turkish. Ne okuyorsun? What are you reading / Which subject are you studying? Edebiyat okuyorum. I m studying Literature. Harry Potter okuyorum. I m reading Harry Potter. 8. Respect Words There are respect words that are used in daily life. Instead of addressing a teacher or a professor with siz, students would prefer the word Hocam(which means app. my master or my teacher ). Amca, is used to address a male who is older than the speaker. It can also be added to the name of people who are known to the person. In formal situations, the words Bey and Hanım are used after the name. They are also used to address people who are totally unknown to the speaker. In less formal situations, the endings for informal you, sen, can be used, as in the first example. Ahmet Bey, meşgul müsün? Mr. Ahmet, are you busy? İpek Hanım, misāfiriniz var. Ms. İpek, you have a visitor/guest. Merhabā Ömer amca, nasılsın? Hello Ömer amca, how are you? Merhabā Hocam, nasılsınız? Hello Professor, how are you? 9. To Know People and Facts tanımak - to know people bilmek - to know facts tanıyorum tanıyoruz biliyorum biliyoruz tanıyorsun tanıyorsunuz biliyorsun biliyorsunuz

7 tanıyor tanıyorlar biliyor biliyorlar 10. Numbers / Ordinals 0 sıfır zero 1 bir first birinci / ilk 2 iki second ikinci 3 üç third üçüncü 4 dört fourth dördüncü 5 beş fifth beşinci 6 altı sixth altıncı 7 yedi seventh yedinci 8 sekiz eighth sekizinci 9 dokuz ninth dokuzuncu 10 on tenth onuncu 11 on bir eleventh on birinci 12 on iki twelfth on ikinci 13 on üç thirteenth on üçüncü 14 on dört fourteenth on dördüncü 15 on beş fifteenth on beşinci 16 on altı sixteenth on altıncı 17 on yedi seventeenth on yedinci

8 18 on sekiz eighteenth on sekizinci 19 on dokuz nineteenth on dokuzuncu 20 yirmi twentieth yirminci 21 yirmi bir twenty-first yirmi birinci 22 yirmi iki twentysecond yirmi ikinci 30 otuz thirtieth otuzuncu 40 kırk fortieth kırkıncı 50 elli fiftieth ellinci 60 altmış sixtieth altmışıncı 70 yetmiş seventieth yetmişinci 80 seksen eightieth sekseninci 90 doksan ninetieth doksanıncı 100 yüz hundredth yüzüncü 1000 bin thousandth bininci 11. The Present Tense Şimdiki Zaman -yorum I am ing -yoruz we are ing -yorsun you are ing (sing.) -yorsunuz you are ing (plural) -yor he / she / it is ing -yorlar they are ing

9 The Present Tense covers the uses of the Present Continuous Tense in English. Furthermore, it also covers some uses of the Simple Present Tense, especially in the oral language. It is constructed by adding the suffixes above to the verb stem. Yet, a vowel that connects the verb stem to the suffix is added in between, following the rules of Vowel Harmony. The construction is the same with the suffix to be. If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the verb stem is a or ı, then the vowel is ı, making ıyor. açmak to open aç- >> aç + ı + yor >> açıyor he/she/it is opening If the last vowel of the verb stem is o or u, then the vowel is u, making uyor. olmak to become, to happen ol- >> ol + u + yor >> oluyor it is happening If the last vowel of the verb stem is e or i, then the vowel is i, making iyor. içmek to drink iç- >> iç + i + yor >> içiyor he/she/it is drinking If the last vowel of the verb stem is ö or ü, then the vowel is ü, making üyor. gülmek to laugh gül- >> gül + ü + yor >> gülüyor he/she/it is laughing Verb stems ending in a vowel either drop this vowel to avoid vowel clusters, anlamak to understand anla- >> anl + ı + yor >> anlıyor he/she/it understands or the final vowel mingles with the vowel and they become one. This happens if the final vowel is u, ü, ı or i. okumak to read / to study oku- >> ok + u + yor >> okuyor he/she/it is reading In all cases the ending yor and the personal suffixes always remain the same in all verbs in the Present Tense. Ne yapıyorsun? What are you doing? Şimdi uyuyor. He/she/it is sleeping now. Yunus Emre yi tanıyorum. I know Yunus Emre. Hemen geliyorum. I m coming right now. The verbs gitmek (to go) and etmek (to do) go through a consonant mutation when conjugated. The final consonant of the verb stem t softens to d. git- >> gid + i + yor >> gidiyor he/she/it is going et- >> ed + i + yor >> ediyor he/she/it is doing 12. Days of the Week Monday pazartesi Tuesday salı

10 Wednesday çarşamba Thursday perşembe Friday cumā Saturday cumartesi Sunday pazar the day gün the week hafta this week bu hafta the weekend haftasonu today bugün tomorrow yarın yesterday dün To say on Monday, the expression pazartesi günü is used. It means literally on the day of Monday. This is true for other days of the week (salı günü, cuma günü etc.). Days of the week are not capitalized; unless they are used in an exact date, as in 19 Ocak Salı (January 19 th, Tuesday). 13. Possessive Suffixes To say my school, his car in Turkish, we add certain suffixes to the word. anne - mother; mom ( ending in a vowel ) annem my mother annemiz our mother annen your mother (singular) anneniz your mother (plural) annesi his/her/its mother anneleri their mother

11 Possessive suffixes follow the rules of Vowel Harmony. The construction is quite similar to the suffix to be. For the suffixes my and your, words ending in a vowel get m and n respectively, without the need of an additional vowel. āile >> āile+m >> āilem my family araba >> araba+m >> arabam my car If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is a or ı, then the vowel of the suffix is ı. araba >> araba+mız >> arabamız our car If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is o or u, then the vowel of the suffix is u. uyku >> uyku+su>> uykusu his/her/its sleep If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is e or i, then the vowel of the suffix is i. kedi >> kedi+niz >> kediniz your cat (plural) If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is ö or ü, then the vowel of the suffix is ü. türkü >> türkü+müz >> türkümüz our folk song The suffix for their is either ları or leri, depending on the last vowel of the word being an A-undotted vowel or an E-dotted vowel. arabaları their car(s) ev - house (ending in a consonant) evim my house evimiz our house evin your house (singular) eviniz your house (plural) evi his/her/its house evleri their house When the word ends in a consonant, a vowel is added before the suffix. This is the same vowel with the one in the suffix, as can be seen in the examples below. ev >> ev + i + miz >> evimiz our house

12 köy >> köy + ü + nüz >> köyünüz your village (plural) If the word ends in a consonant, the letter s is omitted from the suffix for his/her/its. at >> at + ı >> atı his/her/its horse The suffix for their leri/ ları remains unchanged even if the word ends in a consonant. 14. Months of the Year January ocak February şubat March mart April nīsan May mayıs June hazīran July temmuz August ağustos September eylül October ekim November kasım December aralık the month ay this month bu ay next month gelecek ay last month geçen ay

13 the year yıl /sene this year bu sene To say In May for instance, the expression mayıs ayında is used. It translates as in the month of May. The same expression is used for all months, thus; ekim ayında etc. Months are not capitalized; unless they are included in an exact date, as in 20 Mart 2002 (March 20, 2002). 15. Seasons spring bahar autumn sonbahar summer yaz winter kış To say in the summer or in the winter, the words yazın and kışın are used. For in the spring and in the autumn, the locative suffix is used. Thus baharda and ilkbaharda. 16. Directions north kuzey east doğu south güney west batı northeast kuzeydoğu northwest kuzeybatı southeast güneydoğu southwest güneybatı 17. Colors and the Indefinite Article red kırmızı turquoise turkuaz pink pembe brown kahverengi orange turuncu azure gök māvisi yellow sarı black siyah green yeşil gray grī

14 blue māvi white beyaz light blue açık māvi gold altın rengi purple mor silver gümüş rengi kırmızı elma red apple yeşil yapraklar green leaves beyaz kapı white door There is no definite article in Turkish. The indefinite article bir comes after the adjective. In poetry and creative writing, it can sometimes precede the adjective as well, but this is rare in the spoken language. Bahçemizde yeşil bir ağaç var. Gümüş rengi bir saatim var. There s a green tree in our garden. I have a silver-colored watch. Also note that it might be left out in some places where it is used in English. Öğrenciyim. I m a student. Most of the time, the last consonant of bir is not pronounced in daily life. Bi hafta sonra geliyorum. I m coming in a week. Bi saat önce buradaydı. He was here an hour ago. 18. Formation of Plural Nouns Formation of plural nouns is fairly easy in Turkish. To make words plural, add ler or lar to the word, according the vowel in the last syllable. If the vowel in the last syllable is an E-dotted vowel it gets ler, if it is an A-undotted vowel it gets lar. evler houses arabalar cars okullar schools hastalar patients insanlar people There are some exceptions as well that can be memorized without much difficulty: saatler hours

15 festivaller festivals Galler Wales (i.e. the country) 19. Time Saat kaç? What time is it? Bir. It's one. İki/üç/dört It's two/three/four... Öğle vakti. It's noon. Gece yarısı. It's midnight. Beşi beş geçiyor. It's 5:05 Sekizi çeyrek geçiyor. It's 8:15 Dokuz kırk beş. It's 9:45 (common use) Dokuza on var. It's 8:50 Beş otuz beş. It's 5:35 (common use) Üç buçuk. It's 3:30 It is also common to give the hour and the minute simply, an easier way to tell the time (the two examples signed with parentheses show this). 20. Weather Bugün hava nasıl? How's the weather today? Hava güzel. The weather's nice. Hava kötü / bozuk. The weather's bad. Soğuk. It's cold. Sıcak. It's hot.

16 Güneşli. It's sunny. Rüzgârlı. It's windy. Yağmurlu. It's raining. Kar yağıyor. It's snowing. Bulutlu. It's cloudy. 21. Family and Animals family āile sibling kardeş dog köpek parents ebeveyn grandfather dede cat kedi husband koca grandmother nine bird kuş wife karı; eş grandson torun fish balık father baba granddaughte r torun horse at mother anne uncle amca/dayı goat keçi son oğul aunt hala/teyze pig domuz daughter kız nephew yeğen cow inek child(ren) çocuk(lar) niece yeğen rabbit tavşan sister kız kardeş cousin kuzen turtle kaplumbağa brother erkek kardeş relatives akrabā mouse fāre 22. To Have and There is / are The meaning of There is, there are is conveyed through the word var. It means there is / it exists. Otoparkta beş araba var. Bahçemizde üç ağaç var. There are five cars in the parking lot. There are three trees in our garden.

17 To say There aren t, there isn t, the word yok is used, which means there isn t / it doesn t exist. Apartmanımızda hiç Amerikalı yok. There are no Americans in our apartment. Saying you have something is fairly easy in Turkish. For this purpose, the possessive suffixes and the word var are used together. Küçük bir kaplumbağam var. I have a (lit. my ) small tortoise. Sāhilde evi var. He/she has a (lit. his/her ) house by the seaside. For negation, yok is used in the same way. Kedimiz yok. We don t have a (lit. our ) cat. To ask questions like do you have, don t you have, var and yok are used with the question particle, making var mı and yok mu. Arabanız var mı? Do you have a (lit. your [pl. or formal] car ) car? Bilgisayarları yok mu? Don t they have a computer of their own? 23. Work and School doctor dentist lawyer professor teacher engineer architect writer journalist musician artist pharmacist banker carpenter barber mechanic salesman electrician postman policeman soldier pilot secretary poet doktor diş hekimi / dişçi avukat profesör öğretmen mühendis mīmar yazar gazeteci müzisyen ressam eczācı bankacı marangoz berber makine ustası satıcı elektrikçi postacı polis asker pilot sekreter şāir history math algebra geometry science physics chemistry zoology botany geography music art drawing (noun) painting (noun) linguistics languages drawing (verb) painting (verb) tārih matematik cebir geometri fen fizik kimyā zooloji botanik coğrafya müzik sanat çizim resim dilbilim diller çizim yapmak resim yapmak

18 nurse hasta bakıcı 24. Also and To Be at a Place The meaning of being at/in one place is conveyed through the particle de or da in Turkish. Either of these endings is added to the word, according to the vowel in the last syllable. An E-dotted vowel will get de, and an A-undotted vowel will get da, similar to the plurals. arabada in the car evde at home okulda at school Note that there is also te and ta, used if the last letter of the word is a hard consonant (one of these letters: f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p). işte at work Note: Proper nouns are separated from suffixes by an apostrophe in Turkish. New York ta in New York The particle de/da also means too, also. It is then written separate from the word and is not bound with hard consonant rules. Arkadaşım da İngilizce biliyor. My friend knows English too. Gökay da gelmek istiyor. Gökay also wants to come. Biz de bilmiyoruz. We don t know either. 25. Fruits, Vegetables and Meat apple elma lettuce marul ham jambon orange portakal cabbage lahana meatball köfte banana muz cauliflower karnabahar chicken tavuk grapefruit greyfurt asparagus kuşkonmaz turkey hindi lemon limon spinach ıspanak lobster yengeç peach şeftāli tomato domates water su fig incir bean fasulye soda soda grape üzüm rice pirinç wine şarap

19 pear armut carrot havuç pork domuz eti plum erik turnip şalgam pancake gözleme cherry kiraz onion soğan corn mısır pineapple ananas cucumber salatalık sauce sos melon kavun artichoke enginar pasta makarna watermelon karpuz eggplant patlıcan beet pancar strawberry çilek radish turp egg yumurta raspberry ahududu broccoli brokoli cake kek blackberry böğürtlen pepper biber pie turta; börek beef sığır eti; biftek garlic sarımsak ice cream dondurma sausage sosis potato patates pancake with meat filling lahmācun 26. Negative Sentences Negation in verbs is conveyed through the suffix me or ma. This suffix is added to the verb stem, forming the negative infinitive. vermek to give ver- >> ver + me >> vermemek not to give almak to take al- >> al + ma >> almamak not to take To form the negative verb in the Present Tense, the vowels a and e in ma and me change into the vowels ı,u or i,ü through Vowel Harmony. If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the verb stem is a or ı, then the vowel is ı, making mıyor. ağla- >> ağla + mı + yor >> ağlamıyor he/she/it is not crying If the last vowel of the verb stem is o or u, then the vowel is u, making muyor. ol- >> ol + mu + yor >> olmuyor it is not happening, not working

20 If the last vowel of the verb stem is e or i, then the vowel is i, making miyor. iç- >> iç + mi + yor >> içmiyor he/she/it is not drinking If the last vowel of the verb stem is ö or ü, then the vowel is ü, making müyor. gül- >> gül + mü + yor >> gülmüyor he/she/it is not laughing Verb stems ending in a vowel do not drop this vowel, unlike the positive conjugation. anla- >> anla + mı + yor >> anlamıyor he/she/it does not understand Bugün okula gitmiyoruz. We re not going to school today. Sigara içmiyorum. I don t smoke. Çocuklar bir şey yemiyorlar. The children aren t eating anything. Consonant mutation does not occur in the verbs gitmek (to go) and etmek (to do), unlike the positive conjugation. git- >> git + mi + yor >> gitmiyor he/she/it is not going et- >> et + mi + yor >> etmiyor he/she/it is not doing 27. Double Negation Double negation is observed in Turkish. Hiçbir şey bilmiyorum. I don t know anything (lit. I don t know nothing. ) New York a hiç gitmedim. I ve never been to New York (lit. I haven t never went to New York. ) Bana hiç kimse yardım etmiyor. No one is helping me. (lit. No one is not helping me. ) There is one exception to this rule: Sentences in which the particles "ne...ne (de)" are used. "ne...ne (de)" has the meaning of "neither...nor" in English. Ne o ne de kardeşi Almanca biliyorlar. Neither he, nor his brother know German. Ne kalmak istiyorlar, ne bir şey yemek istiyorlar. They neither want to stay, nor want to eat something. Yet, it should also be noted that some speakers still observe double negation with "ne...ne (de)". In either case, the meaning (neither...nor) does not change (that is, the sentence pertains the negative meaning). Ne ben ne de oğlum hiçbir şey hatırlamıyoruz. Neither me, nor my son remember anything. 28. To and From Places

21 The meaning of the particles to, into in English is conveyed through the suffix e or a in Turkish. An E- dotted vowel (one of e,i,ö,ü) in a word s last (or the only) syllable gets e, an A-undotted vowel (one of a,ı,o,u) gets a. eve okula to the house to school İstanbul a to Istanbul arkadaşıma to my friend If the word ends in a vowel, y is included between the word and the suffix. arabaya hastāneye to the car to the hospital Fransa ya to France The meaning of the particle from in English is conveyed through the suffix den or dan, while the construction remains the same. evden üniversiteden from the house from the university kütüphāneden from the library Note that there are also ten and tan, used if the last letter of the word is a hard consonant (one of these letters: f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p). Teksas tan Mehmet ten kitaptan from Texas from Mehmet from the book 29. Noun Compounds When two nouns come together (like school bag ), they form a noun compound. Noun compounds are used very often in Turkish. In a noun compound, the first element is the possessor, and the second one is the possessed. In Turkish, the possessed noun in an indefinite noun compound takes a suffix. This is the same with the possessive suffix for the third person singular ( his/her/its ). öğrenci >> öğrenci + si >> üniversite öğrencisi university student If the word ends in a consonant, the letter s is omitted from the suffix, as explained in possessive suffixes. otobüs >> otobüs + ü >> okul otobüsü the school bus

22 adam >> adam + ı >> iş adamı businessman If the possessed noun is in plural, it takes the possessive suffix for their. yemek >> yemek + leri >> Türk yemekleri Turkish dishes There are certain cases where no suffix is needed. Some of them are: If the first word is an adjective. beyaz at white horse, yüksek dağlar high mountains If the first word is a name of a material. altın yüzük golden ring, tahta masa wooden table Üniversite öğrencisiyim. I am a university student. İş adamları bu akşam İstanbul da toplanıyorlar. Businessmen are meeting in Istanbul this evening. Türk yemekleri çok lezzetli. Turkish dishes are very delicious. 30. Countries and Nationalities Country Nationality Germany Almanya Alman Argentina Arjantin Arjantinli Australia Avustralya Avustralyalı Bolivia Bolivya Bolivyalı Bosnia Bosna Boşnak Turkey Türkiye Türk Canada Kanada Kanadalı Columbia Kolombiya Kolombiyalı Costa Rica Kostarīka Kostarīkalı Cuba Küba Kübalı Croatia Hırvatistan Hırvat

23 Chile Şili Şilili China Çin Çinli Ecuador Ekvador Ekvadorlu Egypt Mısır Mısırlı Georgia Gürcistan Gürcü Spain İspanya İspanyol United States Amerika Amerikalı Albania Arnavutluk Arnavut France Fransa Fransız India Hindistan Hintli England İngiltere İngiliz Hungary Macaristan Macar Italy İtalya İtalyan Japan Japonya Japon Jordan Ürdün Ürdünlü Kazakhstan Kazakistan Kazak; Kazak Türkü Lithuania Litvanya Litvanyalı Mexico Meksika Meksikalı Norway Norveç Norveçli Poland Polonya Polonyalı Portugal Portekiz Portekizli

24 Russia Rusya Rus Serbia Sırbistan Sırp South Africa Güney Afrika Güney Afrikalı Sweden İsveç İsveçli Syria Sūriye Sūriyeli 31. To Do or Make yapmak etmek yapıyorum yapıyoruz ediyorum ediyoruz yapıyorsun yapıyorsunuz ediyorsun ediyorsunuz yapıyor yapıyorlar ediyor ediyorlar The verbs yapmak and etmek both mean to do / to make in English. While yapmak is used more as a stand-alone verb, etmek has many uses as an auxiliary verb. As noted earlier, the verb etmek goes through a consonant mutation: t turns into d when conjugated. Common verbs with etmek: reddetmek to refuse hapsetmek to imprison kabul etmek to accept emretmek to command fark etmek to notice hak etmek to deserve 32. Commands The imperative form is constructed simply by dropping the infinitive suffix from the verb root, and adding the necessary suffixes. There are no exceptions. The imperative for you (sen) does not get a suffix, as it is complied of the verb root. Vowel Harmony is observed. Studying the earlier mentioned rules of Vowel Harmony is sufficient to master the imperative construction. Person Imperative Form gitmek to go

25 sen git! siz (formal / plural) gidin! / gidiniz! (more formal&less common) o gitsin! onlar gitsinler! As in the Present Tense, t in the verbs etmek and gitmek softens to d, in the imperative form for siz. Sabırlı ol! Be patient! Buraya gelin! Come here! (formal / plural) Acele edin, lütfen! Please hurry up! (formal / plural) Çocuklar uyusunlar. Let the kids sleep. Şuna bak! Look at that! 33. Food and Meals breakfast lunch supper meal food bread roll butter meat fish vegetable s fruit cheese crackers candy sandwich ice cream kahvaltı öğle yemeği akşam yemeği yemek yiyecek ekmek tost ekmeği yağ et balık sebze meyve peynir kraker şekerleme sandviç dondurma tablecloth napkin fork knife spoon plate, dish glass cup salt saltshaker pepper pepper shaker sugar sugar bowl vinegar coffeepot teapot tray masa örtüsü peçete çatal bıçak kaşık tabak bardak fincan tuz tuzluk biber biberlik şeker şekerlik sirke cezve çaydanlık tepsi 34. Holiday Phrases the new year yeni yıl birthday doğum günü

26 Mother s Day anneler günü Father s Day babalar günü may it be blessed! kutlu olsun! Eid-al-Fitr Ramazan bayramı Christmas Noel bayramı Feast of Sacrifice Kurban bayramı Yeni yılınız kutlu olsun! / Yeni yılın kutlu olsun! (formal / informal) Happy New Year! Doğum gününüz / günün kutlu olsun! (formal / informal) Happy Birthday! Anneler gününüz / günün kutlu olsun! Happy Mothers Day! Ramazan bayramınız / bayramın kutlu olsun! Happy Ramadan Bayram (Eid-al-Fitr)! Noel bayramınız / bayramın kutlu olsun! Merry Christmas! Kurban bayramınız / bayramın kutlu olsun! Happy Feast of Sacrifice (Eid-al-Adha)! 35. Nature air hava bay koy beach sahil branch dal bridge köprü cave mağara city şehir climate iklim cloud bulut daisy papatya darkness karanlık dust toz soil toprak grass çimen moon ay mountain dağ

27 36. Parts of the Body water su eye göz arm kol ear kulak mouth ağız eyebrow kaş face yüz finger parmak hand el foot ayak forehead alın hair saç head baş leg bacak knee diz nose burun shoulder omuz tongue dil