IF & WISH CLAUSES. Simple Present Simple Present

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1 IF & WISH CLAUSES IF CLAUSES If clause + main clause Koşul cümleleri, yukarıda da görüldüğü gibi temelde, if in içinde bulunduğu if cümleciği ve sonucun bildirildiği bir ana cümlecikten oluşur. Cümle kuruluşunda main clause un if clause dan önce kullanılması anlamda bir değişikliğe neden olmaz. Koşullu cümlelerde verilmek istenen anlama ve zamana dayalı olarak cümlenin yapısı değişir. Bunları Type 1, Type 2 ve Type 3 olarak inceleyeceğiz. Bu incelemeler esnasında, her type için, hem if cümleciğinin hem de ana cümleciğin içinde yer alabilecek yapıları göstereceğiz. BASIC STRUCTURES USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES SITUATION IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE True in the present / future Simple Present Simple Present Simple Future Untrue in the present / future Simple Past Would + verb 1 Untrue in the past Past Perfect Would have + verb3 TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE (TYPE 1) I f c l a u s e + m a i n c l a u s e Simple Present Simple Present Simple Future Eğer koşul cümlesi tabiat olayları, doğa kanunları gibi olayların gerçekleşme durumlarından bahsediyorsa type 1 yapısını kullanabiliriz. Bu tip cümlelerde her iki cümlecik de Simple Present Tense ile kurulur. Bu tür cümlelerde when ve if kelimelerinin birbirinin yerine kullanılabileceği unutulmamalıdır. Ex: If / When the Moon aligns exactly with the Earth and the Sun, we get a lunar eclipse. Ex: If / When you heat water at a hundred degree Celsius, it evaporates. Type 1 de main clause içinde yer alabilecek diğer yapılar şunlardır: 1. Will yapıları ve going to future: Ex: If you have time, I will talk to you after the class. Ex: If they choose me for the post, I will be dealing with sales representatives. Ex: If I get started with the project now, I will have completed it by next month. Ex: If Mr. Jones doesn t retire next month, he will have been teaching for 30 years. Ex: If I get the scholarship, I am going to study at Cambridge University. 4

2 2. Modal Kullanımı A. Possibility: Ex: If we don t take our place at the dinner table, my father may / might / could go mad. Ex: If you keep on coming to work late, they may / might / could fire you soon. B. Permission - ability: Ex: If you finish the exam in the last half hour, you may not /cannot leave the examination hall. Ex: If you let us know where you are, you may / can stay out late tonight. C. Necessity: Ex: If he wants to be chosen for the post, he must / has to / has got to be fluent and accurate in two foreign languages at least. Ex: If you want to pass the exam, you must / have to / have got to study hard. D. Advisability: ou Ex: If she still suffers from the headache she has been having for a long time, she should / ought to / had better see a doctor. Ex: If you want to make a good first impression, you should / ought to / had better get dressed well. E. Command, request, suggestion: Ex: If you need help from people, ask for it. (command) Ex: If you are free today, could you help me with my homework? (request) Ex: If our parents send us the money, shall we / why don t we buy the new DVD player? (suggestion) Type 1 de if clause içinde yer alabilecek diğer yapılar şunlardır: 1. Present Progressive Tense: Ex: If he is taking a nap now, I ll talk to him later. Ex: If you are trying to quit smoking, there are a number of stop-smoking programs available which can offer support and advice. 2. Present Perfect: Ex: If you haven't seen or read any of Shakespeare's work yet, Shakespeare in Love is quite accessible. Ex: If you have taken more medicine than you have been told to, contact either your doctor or the nearest hospital emergency service. 3. Necessity (have to): Ex: If you have to work under these circumstances, then you should ask for more money. Ex: If I have to stay late at work, I will let you know. 5

3 4. Permission or ability (can): Ex: If I can get the contract signed, I will take you out for dinner to celebrate. Ex: If you can catch the next train, you will be there in time for the meeting. 5. Less likely conditional (should): Ex: If anyone should call, please take a message. Ex: If you should need any money there, don t hesitate to call us. NOT: If Clause yapılarında, koşul bildiren cümlecikte özel bir vurgu ifade edilmediği sürece, gelecek zamana ait bir zaman zarfı kullanılmışsa bile will kullanımı yanlıştır. Ex: If I will see him tomorrow, I will give him your message. UNTRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE (TYPE 2) I f c l a u s e + m a i n c l a u s e Simple Past would + verb Type 2 de dikkat edilmesi gereken husus, cümle yapısının past tense olmasına rağmen anlamın şimdiki zaman ya da gelecek zaman olmasıdır. Type 1 den farklı olarak anlam untrue olarak verilir. Aşağıdaki örnek cümleleri inceleyiniz. Ex: If I have time tomorrow, I will meet an old friend of mine. (Type1) (Yarın vaktim olursa, eski bir arkadaşımla buluşacağım.) Ex: If I had time tomorrow, I would meet an old friend of mine. (Type 2) (Yarın vaktim olsaydı, eski bir arkadaşımla buluşacaktım.) Type 2 de main clause içinde yer alabilecek yapılar şunlardır: 1. Would, would be doing: Ex: If I were you, I would buy an estate with the money. Ex: You wouldn t be struggling now if you had a better job. 2. Permission - ability: Ex: If he were over 18, I could let him into the bar. Ex: If I knew the password, then I would be able to use the program on the computer. 3. Possibility: Ex: If I had the time and the money, I might / could spend my holiday in Miami. Ex: If you were taller, you might be / could be chosen for the basketball team. 4. Necessity: Ex: If I didn t lose my key, I wouldn t have to call a locksmith. Ex: If the problem were big, I would have to call a mechanic to repair my car. 6

4 Type 2 de if clause içinde yer alabilecek diğer yapılar şunlardır: Ex: If I were to pick a major for my future career, I would ask the opinions of my parents, too. Ex: If he were to decide between his job and his family, he would probably choose the latter. Ex: If everything were going all right, the police wouldn t intervene in the case. Ex: If I were teaching this class, I would use audio-visual aids in the classroom. Ex: If I could change the world, I would stop the wars and famine. Ex: If I could buy any car on earth right now, a Ferrari would be my first choice. Ex: If I didn t have to make money, I would be a fisherman in a small seaside village. Ex: If I had to take the responsibility of running the company, I wouldn t hesitate at all. UNTRUE IN THE PAST (TYPE 3) I f c l a u s e + m a i n c l a u s e Past Perfect would have + verb3 Type 3, geçmiş zamanda olmuş olsaydı dediğimiz olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Koşul gerçek dışıdır; artık geriye dönüp söz konusu koşulu yaratmak imkansızdır. Type 3 de main clause içinde yer alabilecek yapılar şunlardır: 1. Would have done, would have been doing: Ex: If you had told me that you wanted to go to the concert, I would have booked the tickets in advance. Ex: I would have let you know if I had learnt earlier that the meeting was cancelled. Ex: I wouldn t have been working in the same company for years if the conditions had been bad. Ex: If he had been in my position back then, he would have been doing the same thing. (Benim yerimde olmuş olsaydı, aynı şeyi yapıyor olurdu.) 2. Ability: Ex: If I had had a good income, I would have been able to live alone. Ex: If you hadn t taken a taxi, you wouldn t have been able to catch your plane. 3. Necessity: Ex: I wouldn t have had to sell my car if I hadn t been in debt. Ex: If you hadn t talked to her about the party, I wouldn t have had to invite her. 7

5 3. Possibility: Ex: If I had taken my laptop with me, I could have shown the slide show that I had prepared. Ex: If I had applied earlier, I might have got the job. Ex: We might have won yesterday if our team had played better. Type 3 de if clause içinde yer alabilecek diğer yapılar şunlardır: Ex: If you had been driving over 60 km/h, the damage would have been much worse. Ex: If I had been checking the reports more carefully, I could have noticed the mistake in the calculations easily. Ex: If I had had to choose another job, I would have studied medicine. Ex: If I had had to wait in a traffic jam for four hours, I probably would have exploded. Ex: If you hadn t been able to prove your innocence, you might have been in big trouble. Ex: If I had been able to talk to the professor, I could have explained why I handed in my assignment late. KOŞUL İFADE EDEN DİĞER YAPILAR: 1. Only if: Only if, sonucun ancak tek bir koşulda değişeceğini vurgular. Only sözcüğü, ancak sözcüğüne karşılık gelir. Only if, cümle başında kullanılırsa ana cümlecik devrik olur. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: I will tell you my secret only if you promise not to tell it to anybody else. Ex: Only if you promise not to tell it to anybody else, will I tell you my secret. 2. Provided / providing (that): Provided / providing (that) olduğu / olmadığı takdirde anlamına gelir. Ex: Provided / providing (that) your goods fit in our sales program, we can trade. Ex: We can have the party in the garden provided / providing (that) it doesn t rain at the weekend. 3. As / So long as: As / So long as, olduğu müddetçe, yaptığım sürece gibi anlamlar ifade eder. Ex: As / So long as you use it, you can improve your foreign language. Ex: It is much easier to find a job as / so long as you know how to use a computer. 8

6 4. Unless: Unless, olmadıkça, gerçekleşmedikçe gibi anlamlar ifade eder ve uyarı niteliğindedir. Unless, olumlu yapıda kullanılsa bile anlamca olumsuzdur. Unless, if not şeklinde de ifade edilebilir, ancak if not yapısı except if anlamında olmalıdır. Unless, only if ile de anlamca yakın ifadelerin sorulduğu sorularda yer alabilir. Ex: You can t vote unless you are 18 years old. (If you are not ) Ex: You mustn t let her take the car on her own unless she is experienced enough. (If she is not experienced enough ) Ex: You can qualify for the next round only if you are good enough. Ex: You can t qualify for the next round unless you are good enough. 5. Even if: Even if, olsa bile anlamını verir. Even if, söz konusu koşul gerçekleşmese bile sonucun değişmeyeceğini ifade eder. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: Even if he brings back the money he has stolen, I will inform the police about him. (Çaldığı parayı geri getirse bile onu polise ihbar edeceğim.) Ex: The result won t change even if you appeal against the court verdict. (Mahkeme kararını temyiz etsen bile sonuç değişmeyecek.) Ex: The result wouldn t change even if you appealed against the court verdict. Ex: The result wouldn t have changed even if you had appealed against the court verdict. 6. Whether or not: Whether or not yapısı olsa da olmasa da anlamını verir. Even if ile anlamca yakın ifadelerin yer aldığı sorularda karşımıza çıkabilir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: I won t accept the job offer whether they make a good offer or not. Ex: I won t accept the job offer even if they make a good offer. Ex: I will buy the house whether or not I can get a loan from the bank. Ex: I will buy the house even if I can t get a loan from the bank. 7. Suppose / Supposing (that): Suppose / Supposing (that) yapıları diyelim ki, farzedelim ki gibi anlamlar ifade ederler. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: Suppose / Supposing that you won a million dollar from the lottery, what would you do? Ex: Suppose / Supposing that you are ill on the day of the concert, will you still go on stage? 8. What if: What if, ya olursa / olmazsa anlamını verir. Ex: What if I miss the last train? Ex: What if your partner deceived you? 9

7 9. In case: In case, çoğu zaman bir önlem ifade ederken kullanılır. Olması muhtemel şeylere karşı aldığımız tedbirleri ifade edebiliriz. In case, should ile kullanıldığında cümleye by chance anlamı katılmış olur. Ex: Take some warm clothes in case it is colder than you expect. Ex: Bring some canned food in case you can t find anything to eat in the mountains. Ex: I am calling the manager in case the inspector should ask to see him, too. Ex: In case we got stuck in traffic, we left home a bit earlier. Ex: I wrote down his phone number in case I should forget it. Ex: He would always keep his medicine with him in case his blood pressure went up. Ex: He got rid of his cell phone in case he could be traced. Ex: Some of my friends earned a teaching credential as insurance in case they couldn't find work in their own fields. Ex: I didn t want to say anything about the accident in case she hadn t been informed that her son was involved. 10. In case of: In case of yapısı kendisinden sonra noun ister ve durumunda / halinde gibi anlamlar ifade eder. Ex: What kinds of food supplies are recommended to be stored in case of a disaster? Ex: In case of a failure in a course, the student will be asked to withdraw from the program. 11. Mixed Conditionals: Koşullu cümlelerde bazen temel cümle ile koşul bildiren cümleler farklı type da olabilirler. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Type 3 + Type 2 Ex: If I had been more careful in the exam, I would be having a holiday instead of studying for my make up exam now. PAST (untrue) X Sınavda daha dikkatli olmuş olsaydım PRESENT (untrue) X şimdi telafi sınavına çalışmak yerine tatil yapıyor olurdum. Type 2 + Type 3 Ex: If you were an understanding person, you wouldn t have insulted him in front of everyone in the meeting yesterday. PAST (untrue) PRESENT (untrue) X X dün toplantıda herkesin Eğer anlayışlı bir insan olsaydın/olsan, önünde onu aşağılamazdın. 10

8 12. Omitting if: Koşullu cümleler if kelimesi kullanılmadan da yazılabilir. Her type için kullanılabilecek yapıları aşağıdaki örnek cümlelerde inceleyiniz. Type 1 için: Ex: If you call me, I will be at home. Should you call me, I will be at home. Ex: If he wants to know my opinion, he can ask me directly. Should he want to know my opinion, he can ask me directly. Type 2 için: Ex: If I were you, I would go home and have a rest. Were I you, I would go home and have a rest. Ex: If I went to the party, I would surely let you know. Were I to go to the party, I would surely let you know. Ex: If I were told the news, I would act differently. Were I to be told the news, I would act differently. Type 3 için: Ex: If he had moved to Istanbul, he would have found a better job. Had he moved to Istanbul, he would have found a better job. Ex: If he hadn t broken his leg, he could have taken place in the winter games. Had he not broken his leg, he could have taken place in the winter games. 13. Bir temel cümleden sonra otherwise (aksi takdirde) veya or else (yoksa) yapılarını getirirsek, bu yapılar bir if clause görevi göreceklerdir. Bundan dolayı bu yapıların arkasından getirilen cümlelerin zaman yapıları, if clause lardan sonra getirilen ana cümleciklerin yapılarıyla aynı şekilde kullanılır. Aşağıdaki örneği inceleyiniz. Ex: My father helped me with my homework; otherwise (or else), I wouldn t have been able to finish it. ( If he hadn t helped me anlamında otherwise kullanılmıştır) 14. Otherwise ve or else yapılarına benzer şekilde kullanabileceğimiz but for ve without yapıları bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu yapılardan sonra bir cümle getiremeyiz; bir isim veya isim grubu getirebiliriz. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: But for their support, it wouldn t have been possible for us to achieve great success. ( If they hadn t supported us anlamında) Ex: Without their parents approval, they wouldn t have got married. ( If their parents had not approved... ) 11

9 WISH CLAUSES Wish cümleleri, kişinin içinde bulunduğu durumla ilgili farklı bir durumu hayal ettiği cümlelerdir. Dilek, mevcut koşulların dışında bir durum olacağından bu durum untrue olmak zorundadır. Bu anlamı verebilecek yapıları incelemek üzere aşağıdaki tabloya ve örnek cümlelere bir göz atalım. BASIC STRUCTURES USED IN WISH CLAUSES SITUATION MAIN CLAUSE A wish about the future Would+V1 past continuous A wish about the present Subject + wish past form of the verb A wish about the past past perfect form of the verb A WISH ABOUT THE FUTURE: Wish in içinde bulunduğu yan cümleyle ana cümledeki özneler aynıysa would kullanılmaz; böyle bir durumda could tercih edilmelidir. Ancak, yan cümleyle ana cümledeki özneler farklıysa would kullanılabilir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: You keep telling me the following scene while I am trying to figure it out on my own. I wish you would stop telling me the following scene. Ex: I can t meet you tonight. I wish I could meet you tonight. Ex: I have to go to work tomorrow. I wish I didn t have to go to work tomorrow. Ex: Unfortunately, you are not travelling to London with me next week. I wish you were travelling to London with me next week. A WISH ABOUT THE PRESENT: Konuşmacının içinde bulunduğu anda farklı olmasını arzu ettiği olayları ifade eder. Ex: We are having a wonderful time here, but he is not here at the moment. I wish he were here right now. Ex: I can t join the party because I have too many errands to deal with. I wish I could join the party. Ex: I need to talk to him, but I don t know his phone number. I wish I knew his phone number. Ex: You are being so rude to me. I wish you weren t treating me like this. Ayrıca it is time ve it is high time yapılarından sonra da anlamca şimdiki zamana karşılık gelen geçmiş zaman yapısı kullanılır. Ex: I m getting tired. It is time I went to bed. Your room looks really untidy. It s high time you tidied it. 12

10 A WISH ABOUT THE PAST: Konuşmacının geçmiş zamanda farklı olmasını dilediği bu nedenle de yakındığı olayları ifade eder. Ex: Because you didn t pay the bill on time we now have to pay the interest, too. I wish you had paid the bill on time. Ex: I had to hire a car because mine broke down the other day. I wish I hadn t had to hire a car. Ex: I couldn t perform well during the auditions, so I wasn t offered the role. I wish I could have performed/ had been able to perform much better. Ex: I was looking somewhere else when I hit the car in front of me. I wish I had been watching the road instead of looking somewhere else. IF ONLY: If only yapı olarak wish ile aynı zaman yapılarıyla kullanılır. Ancak if only, wish e göre anlamca daha vurguludur. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: I am so bored sitting on the plane doing nothing. If only I had something to read. (a hope about the present) Ex: The weather is hot and the lecture is so boring. If only I could go to the beach. (a hope about the present) Ex: You are so nervous. If only you would calm down a bit. (a hope about the present) Ex: I am so thirsty, and there isn t a shop nearby. If only I had brought something to drink before I came here. (a regret about the past) Ex: I spent all my money foolishly. If only I hadn t spent all my money foolishly. (a regret about the past) Ex: I wasn t able to go to the reception yesterday. If only I had been able to go to the reception yesterday. (a regret about the past) Ayrıca, If only yapısı, bir If clause gibi de kullanılabilir; yani arkasından bir main clause getirilebilir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Ex: We couldn t arrive on time, but we were able to save some of the victims. If only we had managed to arrive on time, we could have savedmany more victims than we did. Ex: I don t want to spend time with you so often because you have childish attitudes. If only you would stop behaving like a child, maybe we could spend more time together. 13

11 AS IF / AS THOUGH: As if / As though, mış gibi, sanki anlamlarını verir. Eğer sahip olunan izlenim gerçeğe yakınsa, olay hangi zamanda gerçekleşiyorsa o tense kullanılmalıdır. Eğer ifade sadece bir benzetmeden ibaretse gerçeği ifade eden cümlenin bir past tense i alınarak cümle kurulur. Ex: The walls are clean; the house seems as if / as though it has been recently painted. (Duvarlar temiz; ev yeni boyanmış gibi gözüküyor.) (İzlenim gerçek olabilir) Ex: He can hardly open his eyes. He looks as if / as though he didn t sleep at all last night. (Gözlerini zorlukla açıyor. Dün gece hiç uyumamış gibi gözüküyor.) (İzlenim gerçek olabilir) Ex: He is a very tall man. He looks as if he is a basketball player. (Çok uzun bir adam. Basketbol oyuncusu gibi görünüyor.) (İzlenim gerçek olabilir) Ex: I am not even an artist, but these people are asking me questions about the paintings as if I were an expert. (Ben bir ressam bile değilim, ama bu insanlar ben sanki bir uzmanmışım gibi tablolar hakkında soru soruyorlar.) (Benzetme var,izlenim gerçek değil) Ex: Although he knows nothing about politics, he is talking as if he were the Prime Minister of the country. (Politika hakkında hiç bir şey bilmemesine rağmen, sanki ülkenin başbakanıymış gibi konuşuyor.) As if / as though kalıbından önceki temel cümle past tense ise o zaman as if / as though dan sonra gelen cümlenin bir past tense i kullanılır. Ex: The walls were clean; the house seemed as if / as though it had been recently painted. (Duvarlar temizdi; ev yeni boyanmış gibi gözüküyordu.) Ex: He could hardly open his eyes. He looked as if / as though he hadn t slept at all the previous night. (Gözlerini zorlukla açabiliyordu. Bir önceki gece hiç uyumamış gibi gözüküyordu.) 14

12 GRAMMAR TEST - CONDITIONALS sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. If everybody ---- responsible for protecting the environment, the world ---- in such a bad state now. A) feels / won t be B) had felt / wouldn t have been C) will feel / wasn t D) felt / wouldn t be E) is feeling / shouldn t be 6. We ---- a new country house out of the city only if we ---- our flat in the city centre. A) bought / would sell B) would buy / would sell C) buy / will sell D) will buy / sell E) would have bought / sold 2. Unless you ---- reasonable facts to support your ideas, you ---- me. A) have / can t convince B) would have / wouldn t have convinced C) had had / didn t convince D) could have / don t convince E) would have had / couldn t convince 7. I wish the lecturer ---- so fast. Then I ---- to take better notes. A) isn t speaking / will be able B) weren t speaking / would be able C) spoke / wouldn t be able D) hadn t spoken / was able E) wouldn t speak / have been 3. It ---- me if one of the naughty boys playing in the garden ---- a window. A) won t surprise / would have broken B) didn t surprise / will break C) doesn t surprise / had broken D) wouldn t surprise / broke E) wouldn t have surprised / breaks 4. If you ---- anything about the results of the exam, please let me know at once. A) would have heard B) are hearing C) will hear D) had heard E) should hear 5. If the penicillin hadn t been discovered, people today ---- from many diseases. A) will suffer B) will have been suffered C) could be suffering D) were suffering E) are suffering 8. If global warming ---- the polar ice caps, there ---- a rise in sea levels. A) should melt / would have been B) melts / will be C) melted / were D) is melting / would be E) was melting / should be 9. Supposing that they ---- to pay all the money, what would you do to get your money back? A) would have refused B) will have refused C) have refused D) refused E) refuse 10. We ---- talking about the main topic if the problem between both of you A) would continue / is solved B) can continue / has been solved C) will continue / had been solved D) continue / will be solved E) continued / would be solved 15

13 11. I wish my sister ---- eating so much sweet. If not, she won t be able to lose any weight. A) stopped B) will stop C) stops D) is stopping E) had stopped 12. Had I known that his birthday was yesterday, we ---- a surprise birthday party for him. A) would prepare B) will prepare C) would have prepared D) have prepared E) prepared you water your indoor plants regularly, don t expect them to flourish if you don t give them the necessary nutrients. A) As if B) Supposing that C) What if D) Only if E) Even if 17. Sometimes I really wonder what animals think about us. If only they A) can speak B) speak C) had spoken D) could speak E) would have spoken 13. Gordon, who earns more than three thousand dollars a month, is always complaining ---- he had no money. A) on condition that B) providing C) even if D) in case E) as though 14. Fortunately, I was able to stop the car; otherwise, I ---- the boy crossing the street. A) was able to hit B) could hit C) would hit D) would have hit E) had hit he is offered a good salary, will he accept the job. A) Even if B) As if C) Only if D) If only E) As long as 19. Jack is so keen on learning English that he s determined to learn it ---- it takes years. A) in case B) even if C) if D) if only E) provided 15. Every citizen must obey the rules, ---- there will be chaos throughout the country. A) provided B) if C) or else D) unless E) until 20. The text contained in this Web site may be used, downloaded or printed ---- this copyright notice appears in all copies. A) provided that B) unless C) if only D) what if E) supposing that 16