Literacy Challenges for English Learners of All Levels: A Turkish Experience

Transkript

1 Literacy Challenges for English Learners of All Levels: A Turkish Experience Assistant Professor Michele Regalla, PhD Doctoral Student Hilal Peker-Ozbay, M.A. Professor Joyce Nutta, PhD

2 WELCOME

3 Turkish Text II. Mehmet ve devlet adamları, İstanbul un fethini en öncelikli hedef olarak masaya yatırdılar. II. Mehmet'in tahta geçer geçmez, Osmanlı memleketinin neredeyse tam da merkezinde kalmış olan Bizans ın ortadan kaldırılmasının bir gaza vazifesi olduğunu söylediği rivayet ediliyordu. Yeni Osmanlı hükümdarına göre, İstanbul, taht iddiacısı Osmanlı Şehzadeleri ve Osmanlılara karşı haçlı seferi çağrısında bulunanlara ev sahipliği yaptığı sürece devletin güvenliğini tam manasıyla temin etmek mümkün olamazdı. Üstelik Bizans sarayının vaktiyle Selanik i Venediklilere terk etmesinde olduğu gibi, İstanbul un bir bati gücüne bırakılması durumunda, II. Mehmet in hayallerini süsleyen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu bir merkezden yoksun kalacağı için daha doğmadan ölme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalırdı. Bu amaçla Zağanos Pasa, 1452 başlarında Anadoluhisarı nı güçlendirdi. Ayni yılın Ağustos unda tamamlanan Rumeli (Boğazkesen) Hisarı, Karadeniz le Bizans'ın iaşe ve ikmal bağlantısını kesip şehre dışarıdan gelen askeri yardımları engelleyecekti. II. Mehmet, Avrupa yakasında inşa edilen hisarın tamamlanmasından sonra Bizans imparatoru XI. Konstantin den kenti teslim etmesini talep ederek savaş ilan etti.

4 Your Task You will receive a page with a version of this passage. Read your assigned passage. Discuss your assigned passage with your group. Create a retelling of the passage (in English) on chart paper.

5 BEGINNER II. Mehmet and devlet adamları, İstanbul un conquest en öncelikli hedef olarak masaya yatırdılar. II. Mehmet in tahta geçer geçmez, Osmanlı country neredeyse tam da merkezinde kalmış olan Bizans ın ortadan kaldırılmasının one gaza duty olduğunu söylediği rumor ediliyordu. New Osmanlı hükümdarına göre, İstanbul, throne iddiacısı Osmanlı Şehzadeleri Osmanlılara karşı crusade çağrısında bulunanlara ev sahipliği yaptığı sürece devletin security tam manasıyla temin etmek impossible. Üstelik Bizans sarayının in earlier times Selanik i Venediklilere terk etmesinde olduğu gibi, İstanbul un one batı power bırakılması durumunda, II. Mehmet in hayallerini süsleyen Osmanlı imparatorluğu one merkezden yoksun kalacağı because daha doğmadan ölme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalırdı. This amaçla Zağanos Pasa, 1452 başlarında Anadoluhisarı nı fortified. Aynı year Ağustos unda tamamlanan Rumeli (Boğazkesen) Hisarı, Black Sea Bizans ın iaşe and ikmal bağlantısını cut off şehre dışarıdan gelen askeri yardımları engelleyecekti. II. Mehmet, Avrupa yakasında inşa edilen castle tamamlanmasından after Bizans imparatoru XI. Konstantin den kenti teslim etmesini talep ederek savaş declared.

6 INTERMEDIATE Mehmet II and states men his, İstanbul of conquest most primary target as tableto laid. Mehmet II of throne passes not passes, Ottoman countryhimof almost exactly at centerofin satyed be Byzantine of removal a gas of became told rumor made be. New Ottoman emperor according to, Istanbul, throne claimer Ottoman Princes and Ottomans against crusade call-of-at be home ownership made-him as long as government-of security-of exactly meaning-with provide possible became-not. Moreover, Byzantine palace-of-it timely Salonica Venetians-to leave-of-him-at became as, Istanbul of one West power leaving incase, Mehmet II of dreams adorning Ottoman Empire one center-from deprived of be-will-it therefore yet beborn-not die threat-of-it-with face to face stays-it-ed. This aim-with Zağanos Pasha, 1452 beginnings-at Anatolian Fortress empowered. The same year s August s-at completed-by Rumeli (Bosphorus) Fortress, Blackseawith Byzantine-of subsistence and reinforcement connection-of-them have-cut city-to outside-from coming military helps prevent-will-he. Mehmet II., Europe collar-of-it-at constructed-by fortress completed-ness-of-it after Byzantine emperor Constantine XI. from city surrender-of-him demanding-by war announced-he.

7 ADVANCED II. Mehmet and dignitaries, the conquest of Istanbul, laid on the table as the primary target. II. Mehmet the board as soon as the Ottoman his country which has remained almost exactly in the center of Byzantine duty said that the elimination of a gas was being narrated. According to the new ruler of the Ottoman Istanbul, the throne iddiacısı to those calling for a crusade against Ottoman princes and hosted by the Ottomans as long as possible to ensure the full extent of the security of the state could not be. Moreover, the departure of the Venetians in the Byzantine Thessaloniki PALACE formerly, as is the case in Istanbul Leaving a western power, II. Mehmet daydreams "Ottoman Empire" will be deprived of a center would remain in danger of dying from a dogma. For this purpose, Zağanos Pasa, in 1452 strengthened the early Anadoluhisarı nı. Rumeli was completed in August of the same year (Boğazkesen) Hisari, disconnect the Black Sea, Byzantium provisioning grants would prevent the military from the city on the outside. II. Mehmet, the Byzantine emperor after completion of Hisar XI Built on the European side. By requesting him to hand over the city of Constantine declared war.

8 Reading Comprehension Questions 1. Who is responsible for the tactic that would restore the capital of the Ottoman Empire? 2. What was the tactic? 3. Where had conflicts resulted in surrender? 4. When (give a historical timeline) did the major events in the passage occur? What had to happen so that the ultimate conflict could occur? Why? 5. How did the sultan strategize his conquest? 6. What physical constraints aided or impeded the sultan s plan? 7. How did the ultimate outcome affect The Conqueror? 8. What political and social tenets underlay the conquest?

9 FULL TRANSLATION Mehmet II and the statesmen laid the conquest of Istanbul on the table as the primary target. It was rumored that immediately after Mehmet II s accession to throne, he said that the elimination of Byzantine, which remained exactly in the center of the Ottoman country, was a duty of holy war. According to the Ottoman ruler, as long as Istanbul hosted throne-claimer Ottoman princes and those making crusade calls against Ottomans, it was not possible to establish the security of the state in the strictest sense. Moreover, as with the Byzantine palace abandoning Thessaloniki to Venetians in the past, in the event of the abandonment of Istanbul to a western power, since the Ottoman Empire adorning Mehmet s II s dreams would be deprived of a capital, it would face the danger of death before its birth. For this reason, Zağanos Pasha, at the beginning of 1452, fortified the Anatolian Castle. European Castle, which was completed in August of the same year, would cut off the food and supply link between the Black Sea and Byzantine and prevent incoming military aid. Mehmet, II, after the completion of the construction of the castle on the European side, declared war by demanding that Constantine XI surrender the city.

10 Discuss in Pairs What were you were able to determine (what could you retell accurately) and what were you not able to determine (missing or confusing information) from the passages? Beginning Passage Turkish passage with a few key words in English Intermediate Passage Turkish passage translated into English, keeping the Turkish word order and word structure (i.e., Turkish morphology and syntax translated into English) Advanced Passage Google translation of the Turkish passage into English, including mistranslations of terms Final Passage Translated from the original Turkish into Standard English vocabulary, morphology, and syntax by a bilingual expert

11 Big Question What do you need to know and be able to do to read grade-level material in a second language? Is knowing vocabulary enough to understand text? What can beginners extract from a grade-level (in this case, college history) text? What are some of the challenges for intermediate second language learners in reading grade-level text? Why do we use leveled readers and should they be the only reading materials for ELs?

12 References: Emecen, F. M., Kolcak, O. Oral, O., & Aydin, Y. A. Osmanli Tarihi ( ), p. 66). T.C. Anadolu Universitesi Yayini (#2700) & Acikogretim Fakultesi Yayini (#1666).