Working Group 4 ECENA - Activity Scheme 4.1

The European Union s Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) Working Group 4 ECENA - Activity Scheme 4.1 Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) TRAINING EVALUATION country: Turkey dates: 4 7 October 2011 This project is funded by the European Union A project implemented by a Consortium led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG

Contact: Dr. Ir. Ike van der Putte Tel: +31 15 750 16 00 Mob: +31 653 948 067 Fax: +31 15 750 1610 e-mail: ike.van.der.putte@renanetwork.org This project is funded by the European Union. RENA Secretariat: Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG; Lothringer Strasse 16, 1030 Vienna (Wien), Austria Tel: +43 1 402 50 21 12; Fax: +43 1 402 50 20 20; email: rena.secretariat@renanetwork.org Website: www.renanetwork.org 1

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ANNEX 1. Training programme Turkey ANNEX 2: Air Quality Permit for Steel Industry (Electric Arc Furnace) EGE CELIK in Izmir, Turkey ANNEX 3: Participants list ANNEX 4. Overview of EU waste Legislation a. General b. Waste treatment operations c. Directives related to specific waste streams d. Iron and Steel Scrap with reference to end of waste status ANNEX 5. Human resources calculation permit writers a. New permit b. Renewals of permit c. Blanc form ANNEX 6. Presentation Montenegro on IPPC ANNEX 7. Overview of Steel industry in Turkey (In Turkish) ANNEX 8. Summary course evaluation forms

ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) Turkey 4 7 October 2011 DAY 1 08.00-08.45 Registration 08.45 Opening Session 01 09.00-09.30 (30 minutes) Introduction (explanation of the training programme, information on RENA, ECENA and the project activity: Introduction of participants) (IP/Gl) Session 02 09.30-09.45 (15 minutes) Regulatory cycle (the role and functioning of the regulatory cycle; consequences for the organisation of the process of environmental policy-making and strategy with its implementation; systematic approach; feedback asked from participants and explanations of what is presented; how are they going to use this in practice during their training) (short discussion on regulatory cycle) (RGl) Session 03 09.45-10.00 (15 minutes) Minimum criteria for inspection (Scope, definitions, Inspection, Inspectorate, Inspectors, why to inspect routine and non-routine inspections, frequency of inspection setting priorities new trends in permitting and compliance, RMCEI) etc.) (RGl/IP) 10.00 10.15 Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session 04 10.15 - `11.00 (45 minutes) Planning use of human resources capacity scheme (exercise) (human resources calculation scheme) (RG) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 1

ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Session 05 11.00 12.30 (90 minutes) Basics of Integrated Permitting and its Application (background information on IPPC and related permitting and application aspects) (RG/IP) 12.30 13.30 Lunch break (60 minutes) Session 06 13.30-14.15 (45 minutes) On site inspection and planning (which ways to inspect; announced/unannounced; desk/versus -on site; preparation of site visit; identification of roles; use of checklists; example of checklist for a virtual site to be visited) Session 07 14.15 15.00 (45 minutes) Monitoring/Self monitoring (quality assurance management; impact of self monitoring on inspections, LCP monitoring,) 15.00-15.15 Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session 08 15.15-15.45 (30 minutes) General analysis of the inspection results (evaluation of results and feedback) (Covering evaluation. Feedback and three types of reporting: individual inspection report, annual summary report for the site and country report. Should cover, prompt reporting, better comment and analysis after the inspection.) Session 09 15.45-16.30 (75 minutes) Special Subject: Waste management intro (IP)* 17.00 Closing Session * Under Special Subjects a selection can be made from a list including: ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 2

ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) Turkey DAY 2 Session 10 08.45-09.30 (45 minutes) IED in context with IPPC and other directives (General information on developments and current situation of the environmental legislation with consequences for enforcement mechanisms in EU)(IP) Session 11 09.30 11.00 (90 minutes) Permit applications (Contents of a permit application in detail in general, cemen, /steel industry as an example Explanation of the steel process applied)(representative OF FACTORY and RGL) 10.30 Coffee Provided Session 12 11.00 12.30 (90 minutes) Integrated permit of factory to be visited (The translation of the permit conditions of the prevailing permit and comments of invited inspectors as well as local country inspector in charge of inspection, discussion on enforceability of permit conditions )(REPR OF FACTORY, inv INSP and RGL) 12.30 13.30 Lunch Break (60 minutes) Session 13 13.30-14.10 (40 minutes) Introduction to BREF and BAT of the cement industry* (Comparison of prevailing emission and monitoring data with the information from the BREF/BAT) (Inv INSPECTORS, REPR FACTORY, RGL) * For Turkey the Steel industry has been chosen as a pilot; the BREF and BAT information is included under Special subjects 7. Steel and Iron Session 14 14.10-15.00 (50 minutes) Basic approach to site visits (overview of methods and questioning during investigations and inspection Exercise: )(RGL/IP) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 3

ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 15.00 Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session 15 15.15 16.15 (60 minutes) Planning of visits in groups with specific assignments. Preparation for next day inspection visit (Study in groups on the specific assignments setting up a questionnaire with questions and attention points during the site visit (IP) Session 16 16.15-16.45 (30 minutes) (Invited Inspectors presenting experiences in their country) (Inv INSPECTORS) 16:45 Closing Session (IP) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 4

ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) Turkey DAY 3 09.00 Departure to STEEL FACTORY Execution of site visit according to prepared plan of action. At the site. Preliminary discussions in the office Review documentation (monitoring data, quality checks, site plans, permits) is necessary documentation in place? Comments and questions Divide into groups with chairman and reporter in each. Chairman has allocated specific responsibilities to each member of the group Site visit: Request site staff to provide guides: groups to see all of the site, but focus on areas: like handling and storage, dust abatement, waste handling and filling stations, cleanliness of factory, evaluate surrounding area. Each member of the group will make their own inspection and make notes and compare results later in the group. Return to Meeting room at the factory. General comments on visit site and any further questions 15.00 Return to meeting room in the hotel Session 17 16.15-16.45 ( 30 minutes) Visit report preparation in groups Session 18 16.45 17. 30 (45 minutes) Presentation of reports by members of the groups (Comments by inv Inspectors. Conclusion of site visit Suggested follow-up actions.) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 5

ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) DAY 4 Session 19 08.45 10.15 (90 minutes) Special subjects Follow-up of session 9 10.15 Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session 20 10.30 11.45 (85-90 minutes) Cooperation between authorities 12.00 Closing session and evaluation forms 12.30 Lunch Break Delegates leave after lunch ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 6

Air Emission Permit Annex-5.6.2 2) Converters Producing Steel, Electric Arc Furnaces, Melting with induction and Melting Facilities with vacuum: In converters producing steel, electric arc furnaces, melting with induction and melting facilities with vacuum following principles shall be followed: 2.1) Under all operating conditions (filling, emptying, mixing, taking sulphur operations and such) waste gases shall be collected and sent to a dust separation facility. 2.2) Dust emissions of waste gases shall not exceed 50 mg/nm 3 limit value. This limit value will be applied as 25 mg/nm 3 starting from 1 st of January 2012. 2.3) Carbon monoxide emission shall be assessed, burned or if it is not possible to burn in with 90% and higher burning efficiency, it shall be released to atmosphere as stated in Annex-4. 2.4) Relevant principles in Annex-1 shall be followed. Measures should be taken against dust emissions from storage of scrap, ore etc. 2.5) Technologies on Blowing Converters and studies on decreasing of dust emission published relevant Turkish Standards and existing best techniques shall be followed. Annex-5.6.4 4) Facilities where heat treatment is applied to steel and nonferrous material (Heat Ovens): In these facilities following principles shall be followed: 4.1) Dust formed emissions in waste gases shall not exceed 50 mg/nm 3 limit value. 4.2) Relevant principles in Annex-1 shall be followed. 4.3) By performing 3% volume oxygen correction; For facilities using liquid fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 2400 mg/nm 3 For facilities using gas fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 100 mg/nm 3 For facilities using coke gas as fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 200 mg/nm 3 For facilities using double fuel (liquid+gas) sulphur dioxide emission 2400 mg/nm 3 value shall be provided by performing 3% volume oxygen correction and a constant chimney as analysis apparatus with recorder shall be equipped. 4.4) Sootiness shall not exceed 3 according to Bacharach scale in facilities using liquid fuel. Annex-1a.2 a.2) Degree of soot of waste gases of facilities which burn liquid fuels shall be at most 2 (two) according to Bacharach scale for the ones burning diesel oil and at most 3 (three) in the ones that burn fuel oil. Annex-1c c) Hoarded materials stored in open area: Hoarded material stored in open area shall be stored in open area providing the conditions of the air quality standards. For this purpose some of the measures that shall be taken are listed below:

-Wind preventing slabs shall be placed on the land, walls are built or trees for wind prevention shall be planted, -Conveyors and other transporters and linking parts through which these transporters unload materials to each other are covered, -Loading and unloading activities are held without winnowing, -Top of the materials are covered with nylon canvas or with matters whose grain sizes are bigger than 10 mm, -Upper layers are protected in a humidity of 10%. Necessary equipment for the assurance of this position shall be established. Annex-1e e) Condition of roads inside the facility: Roads inside the facility shall be cleaned regularly, all measures shall be taken against dust emissions (wetting, sweeping, exposure to dust holding materials etc.) and roads shall be covered with covering materials with bitumen (asphalt etc.) and/or concrete. Annex-1f f) Unloading of Filters: During unloading of the filters which hold emissions in the form of dust, dust shall be unloaded using a closed system or shall be humidified during unloading to prevent dust emission. Pollutants that need to be monitored for air quality: Dust, dustfall Pollutants in the stack gas that need to be continuously monitored: Dust emission

List of participants Invited Inspectors from fyr of Macedonia (Mac) and from Montenegro (Mte)

SPECIAL SUBJECTS Overview of EU waste legislation WG 4 ECENA Overview of EU waste legislation part 1 Sources include: 1) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.htm 2) European CommissionUnit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption/ Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006 Extraction: 16 tons What is the Issue? Growing technosphere To physical stock: 10 tons Disposal: 6 tons 2 t/cap CO2 3.5 t/cap waste 0.5 t/cap agr waste Source Environment Sink

During this session we will look at European policies and strategies on waste Framework Legislation Waste treatment operations Waste streams Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of waste The Vision: integrating Resources, Products and Waste Policies EU 6th ENV Action Programme Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Resources Integrated Product Policy / Sustainable Production & Consumption The Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste (Waste TS) (COM(2005)666) and the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources COM(2005) 670 are two of seven such strategies called for by the Sixth Environmental Action Plan (Decision 1600/2002/EC). Objective: Decoupling Decoupling resource use from economic growth: more value per kilogram Economic activity (GDP) Better eco-efficiency: efficiency: more value per impact Resource use (kg, km 2, kw ) Decoupling environmental impact from resource use less impacts per kilogram Environmental impact ( indicators ) 2005 2030

Waste Framework Dir. (Dir.2006/12/EC, formerly 75/442/EEC) NEW 2008/98/EC Framework Legislation Hazardous Waste Directive Dir.91/689/EEC Waste Shipment Regulation (Reg. (EEC) 259/93) revised Reg. (EC) 1013/2006 Waste Treatment Operations Incineration 89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW) Replaced by 2000/76/EC, In IED 2010 Landfill 99/31/EC Waste Streams Recycling EU Standards,, as part of Recycling Strategy Waste Titanium Sewage Batteries and Packaging PCBs End-of-life Sludge Accumulators and Dir.96/59/EC oils Dioxide Vehicles Dir 2000/53 EC Dir. Dir. 2006/66/EC Packaging Dir Dir 78/176/EEC 86/278/EEC 75/439/EEC Waste repeal with Simplify in Update in Dir. 94/62/EC WFD 2006, in 2011 revision IED 2010 2010 REF. EC waste website 8/7/2011 and Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006 Waste Restriction electric of Haz. and Substances electronic electronic equipment equipment Dir.2002/95EC Dir.2002/95/EC RECAST Mining Waste Dir 2006/21/EC FRAMEWORK waste legislation WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE WASTE SHIPMENT REGULATION (TFS) The (New) Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC Source:ECENA IMPEL EUROPEAID/124643/D/SER/Multi (Eptisa /RPS) 2009 Tricia Marcouse/ Ike van der Putte See for more information the section special subject of the RENA WG4 ECENA activity 1- manual

Synopsis The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) repealed directives on waste disposal(75/439/eec), hazardous waste (91/689/EEC) and waste oils (2006/12/EC). The Directive also added clarity by incorporating basic definitions relating to waste management. It also opened the possibility to establish "end-of-waste criteria for certain waste streams in order to simplify the procedures. Criteria for ferrous, aluminium and copper scrap metals as well as for paper, glass and Biowaste are under development. Original WFD, 75/442/EC Main Objective Protection of human health and the environment against harmful effects caused by the collection, transport, treatment storage and tipping of waste This objective remains in the new Directive Original WFD, 75/442/EC First definition of waste and disposal Harmonization of legislation in Member States Encouragement of recovery of waste and reuse of materials Support for waste minimisation and clean technology Waste Management Plans Polluter Pays principle should apply Requirement for data collection on waste

Nice and short Directive, BUT Poor definitions Insufficient minimum requirements for issuing permits Didn t provide a consistent approach across the EU Some Major Changes to WFD, 91/156/EEC Better definition of waste Requirement for a list of wastes to be developed Definition of disposal and recovery Prohibits uncontrolled dumping of waste, and therefore requires a collection/disposal service Article 4: Waste Hierarchy Prevention Best Option Preparing for Reuse Recycling Other Recovery Disposal Worst Option

Article 6: End of Waste status Waste will cease to be waste when When it has undergone a recovery/recycling operation and Meets specified criteria to be developed by the Commission (assisted by a technical committee) following certain conditions, which will include limit values for pollutants when necessary If the commission does not set criteria, Member States may do so Aggregates, paper, glass, metal, tyres and textiles must have end of waste status defined. General Criteria for end of waste status The substance is commonly used for specific purposes A market or demand exists The substance can be used directly without further processing, other than normal industrial practice The substance fulfils the technical requirements for this purpose, and meets existing legislation and standards applicable to products The use will not lead to overall adverse environmental or health impacts End-of waste Criteria for Iron and Steel Scrap IMPACTS 1) Ref. REACH regulation 2) Ref. Waste Shipments regulation See separate presentation

Specific technical requirements and targets for sustainable development are given by other legislation Landfill Directive Waste Incineration Directive (now in IED) but the legal basis of ALL of these are the definitions of waste, disposal, recovery etc from the Waste Framework Directive Transfrontier shipment of waste TFS

Transfrontier shipment of waste TFS Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14th June, 2006 on shipments of waste. TFS TFS and lists of waste Some wastes are more strictly controlled than others. The regulation sets out a system for the classifying waste into three lists (generalized):

The green list: green listed wastes are nonhazardous and easily recyclable, such as paper and plastic. These wastes may move across international borders within the EU without having to request permission or advance notification. The amber list: When green wastes are mixed ("co-mingled"), they become amber listed wastes. They then do require pre-notification and prior written consent before they can be exported. Consequently as a waste becomes somewhat more difficult to recover or somewhat more hazardous it goes onto the amber list. T The red list: This covers particularly dangerous wastes NOTIFICATION (1) The notification procedure requires that the competent authorities of the countries concerned by the shipment (country of dispatch, country of transit and country of destination) give their consent prior to any shipment. Waste shipments must be the subject of a contract between the person responsible for shipping the waste, or having it shipped, and the consignee of such waste. Where the waste in question is subject to a notification requirement, the contract must include financial guarantees.

NOTIFICATION (2) Under the notification procedure, the notification must be submitted by the notifier only to the competent authority of dispatch which, in turn, will be responsible for passing it on to the competent authorities of destination and transit. The competent authorities must give their consent (with or without conditions) or express their objections within 30 days. Any changes involving the main aspects of the shipment (quantity, itinerary, etc.) must be the subject of a new notification, save in cases where all the competent authorities grant the notifier an exemption from this obligation. Exports If a shipment cannot be completed (including the recovery or disposal of waste), the notifier must take the waste back, normally at his own expense (note some exceptions!) Exports to third countries of waste intended for disposal are prohibited, except to European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries which are party to the Basel Convention. Exports of hazardous waste intended for recovery are prohibited, except those directed to countries to which the OECD decision applies. Imports Imports from third countries of waste intended for disposal or recovery are prohibited, with the exception of imports: from countries to which the OECD Decision applies, third countries which are party to the Basel Convention, countries which have concluded a bilateral agreement with the Community or Member States, or other areas during situations of crisis.

. IMPEL-TFS Verification-project 2005-2006 Is what you see, what you get? Background Huge amounts of waste is being transported through EU / world Enforcement stops at the border Is it really processed: At an appropriate facility? At an environmentally sound manner? Is it shipped in the right way? Or does it end up outside of EU? Therefore: inspection from cradle to grave by the verification method

Verification method Starting point: transport inspection lead batteries Starting point (2)

Inspection up stream: origin the waste Inspection downstream

SPECIAL SUBJECTS Overview of EU waste legislation WG 4 ECENA Overview of EU waste legislation part 2 Sources include: 1) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.htm 2) European CommissionUnit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption/ Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006 Waste treatment operations Waste Incineration Directive (Recasted in Industrial Emissions Directive) see IED presentations The Landfill Directive

Waste Treatment Operations INCINERATION (2000/76/EC) (Now IED) LANDFILL (1999/31/EC) Covers MW and HW Covers incineration and co-incineration Permitting Emission limit values (air, water) Management of residues Recovery of energy Permitting system Control procedures Technical requirements Reduction of landfill of biodegradable waste Collection of methane and energy recovery Internalisation of costs Interdiction of co-disposal The Landfill Directive Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Adapted from the following sources: Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Objectives To prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects from the landfilling of waste on the environment the global environment human health

Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements of the Directive 3 classes of landfill: (No co-disposal!) landfills for hazardous waste landfills for non-hazardous waste landfills for inert waste Obligation to treat waste before landfilling Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements (continued) Permit, control and monitoring requirements: - content of permit application (article 7) - conditions of the permit (article 8) - financial security (article 8-(a)iv) - Content of the permit (article 9) with monitoring of water and gas emissions (operation phase/after-care phase) Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements (continued) Ban of certain wastes: 2003 whole tyres, 2006 shredded tyres liquid waste explosive, corrosive, oxidising, flammable waste infectious hospital and veterinary waste waste not meeting acceptance criteria

Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements (continued) Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable waste (based on data for 1995): 75 % by 2006 50 % by 2009 35 % by 2016 The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE. The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it. The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE. UK second worst after Greece. Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste Figure 3. Biodegradable municipal waste distance to target, 2002 (Excluding Luxembourg and the Belgium regions Wallonia and Brussels) % landfilled 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Target 2006 Target 2009 Target 2016 0% Austria Belgium-Fl Denmark (2002) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom EU15*) Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste Figure 2a. Tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste Landfilled, 2001-2003 Tonnes 20000000 16000000 12000000 8000000 4000000 0 United Kingdom Italy Spain Germany France Greece Portugal Ireland Finland Belgium-Fl Netherlands Austria Sweden Denmark 2001 2002 2003

Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste Kg/capita 400 300 200 100 0 Un ited Kingd om Ita ly Spain Germ any Fra nce Gre ece Portuga l Ireland Finland Belgium -Fl Ne therlands Austria Swed en 2001 2002 2003 De nmark EU average Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Technical Annexes Annex I: General requirements (location, protection of soil/water) Annex II: Waste acceptance criteria for landfills (general principles, preliminary criteria) Annex III: Control and monitoring (water, leachate, gas) Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Waste acceptance procedure, Art. 11 The principles are set out in Art 11. Detailed rules about standardisation of control, sampling and analysis methods are set out in a separate Council Decision. There is little transparency about how waste acceptance criteria are applied in different MS. There is no knowledge about how criteria are applied in the new Member States.

Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Decision on waste acceptance criteria and procedures (2003/33/EC) Objective: landfill only waste that is compatible with the protection afforded by each landfill class. Acceptance procedure: what information to collect, when to test. Acceptance criteria: limit values and/or lists of waste acceptable at a specific landfill class. List of test and sampling methods to be used (developed by CEN). Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Procedure Waste acceptance criteria (continued) Basic characterisation (including sampling) Compliance testing On-site verification Criteria for three landfill classes, including underground storage. Higher limit values may be authorised for some parameters under certain conditions (case by case decision, no additional risk) Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Main Problems: Existing landfills Landfills for non-hazardous waste and inert waste do often not comply. No comprehensive data from Member States. Too many unauthorized landfills (horizontal cases against some Member States.)

Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste FACTS AND FIGURES ON LANDFILLS Total municipal waste going to landfills (EU-25 average): 49% (in some countries 90%). Although waste generation is growing in parallel with GDP, in EU-25 by 19% between 1995 and 2003, waste landfilled goes slightly down. Number of existing landfills in EU-15: hazardous waste: 504 (141 comply) non-hazardous waste: 6286 (1267 comply) inert waste: 3416 (925 comply) (No figures from UK, Denmark. Czech. Rep. on compliance). Full compliance to be achieved until 16 July 2009. Trend since implementation: number of permitted landfills declines/ - quantity of wastes, including biodegradable declines/ - landfills improve technically Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Existing landfills Figure 4a. Landfills for hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive 250 Number of landfills HZW total HZWcomplying 200 150 100 50 0 Austria Belgium/Flanders Belgium/Brussels Belgium/Wallonia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Czech Republic Hungary Slovakia Slovenia Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Existing landfills Landfills for non-hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive Number of landfills 400 Non-HZW total Non-HZWcomplying 300 200 100 0 Austria Belgium/Flanders Belgium/Brussels Belgium/Wallonia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Czech Republic Hungary Slovakia Slovenia

Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Enforcement Infringement proceedings Art. 226 EC Letter of formal notice Reasoned opinion Infringement proceedings Art. 228 EC Lump sum or penalty depend on: Seriousness of infringement (factor x) Duration (factor x) Deterrent effect (factor x) daily penalties of 140.000 or a lump sum of 20.Mio are not uncommon Landfill Awareness Raising events 2007 Conclusions Insufficient implementation of Directive and Decision Polluter pays principle not observed No pre-treatment Predominance of landfilling High numbers of uncontrolled dumps Low coverage through collection systems No separation at source Low administrative capacity Too little investment Profound lack of public awareness Waste generation is increasing Overall generation Billion tonnes 1995 2004 2006 EEA/Eurostat EU 15 1.29 1.93 2.01 EU 27 N/A Across different waste streams: municipal solid waste; packaging waste; hazardous waste; construction and demolition waste industrial waste 2.91 2.95*

Trends in municipal waste generation DRAFT FIGURE - EEA Proportion of recycling is increasing Recycling and composting of MSW in EU-27: 1998-19%; 2007-38% (Source: EEA SOER report 2010) In 2006 the EU 27 recycled approximately 55% of waste targeted by EU Directives 70% of ELVs, 57% of packaging, 65% of construction and demolition waste, 34% of municipal solid waste 19% of WEEE. - Rate of recycling and improvement varies significantly by Member State and waste stream

Recycling of End of Life Vehicles - 2006 Recycling rates for municipal waste in the EU 27 DRAFT FIGURE - EEA - June 2010 Landfill of MSW decreasing: 1997 293 kg per capita 2008 207 kg per capita Range in 2008 from 672 kg/capita in Cyprus to 3kg/capita in Germany (EU-27) (Source: EEA) Incineration of MSW increasing: 1997-70kg per capita 2008-102kg per capita Ranges from 0 kg/capita in a variety of MS to 433 kg/capita in Denmark (EU-27) (Source: Eurostat) Preferred disposal route highly varied dependent on the Member State and national circumstance A consequence of public awareness/perceptions, infrastructure, choice of legal instruments

Treatment of waste - 2006 High levels of recovery Incineration as the primary disposal route Significant levels of energy recovery Primary reliance on landfilling Eurostat, Energy Transport and Environment Indicators 2008 Trade Trade in EU waste with third countries and across the Member States is increasing Significant growth in volume of non-hazardous waste shipped from the EU to third countries ie paper, plastics and metals Extra EU15 trade in paper rose from 1.2-7.8 million tonnes (1994 2007) Key area of export Asia accounts for majority of non-eu trade in waste paper and plastics trade in paper x10, plastics x11 and metal x5 Extra EU15 trade in plastics rose from 0.2-1.6 million tonnes (1995-2005) In 2007 more plastics waste was shipped to the Asian market by the EU, than within the EU In 2007 half of all waste plastics were exported to China and Hong Kong EEA data from 1997-2004 shows a year on year increase in notified waste exported Trade in the quantity of notified waste exported from EU Member States increased x 4 (including trade to other EU MS and 3 rd Countries) Most significant exporters of waste in 2005 Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Belgium

SPECIAL SUBJECTS Overview of EU waste legislation WG 4 ECENA Overview of EU waste legislation part 3 Sources include: 1) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.htm 2) European CommissionUnit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption/ Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006 Directives related to Specific Waste Streams

End of Life Vehicles (ELV) Packaging and packaging waste European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste PCBs/PCTs Council Directive 96/59/EC of 16 September 1996 on the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls [See amending act(s)].

Sewage sludge Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture [See amending acts]. Mining waste Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries [See amending acts]. ROH Directive recast (1) DIRECTIVE 2011/65/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (Recast)

ROH recast 2 WEEE DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Disposal of spent batteries and accumulators Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators

Batteries and accumulators wastes End of Life Vehicles Reuse and Recycling Hazardous waste

WEE collection rate Recycling and recovery rate packaging waste

SPECIAL SUBJECTS Overview of EU waste legislation WG 4 ECENA Overview of EU waste legislation part 4 Sources include: 1) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.htm 2)JRC Scientific and Technical reports: End of waste Criteria for Iron and Steel Scrap, Technical Proposals, Lenka Muchova and Peter Eder, 2010 Iron and Steel Scrap with ref. to end-waste Criteria

Exported Scrap by grade EU 27 Prices Ferro Scrap from 2003-2008

Metal Scrap and the Waste Shipment Regulation OECD countries(1) Waste Shipment On 12 July 2007, Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (the new Waste Shipment Regulation) came into force. Accordingly, most metal scrap is under the List B of Part 1 of Annex V (also referred to as the green list ), which are not covered by Article 1(1) (a) of the Basel Convention, and therefore not covered by the export prohibition. Export of waste under the green list within the OECD countries is not subject to notification and consent procedure and is done under normal commercial transactions; however, the new Waste Regulation does require the completion of an Annex VII form.(waste Shipments Regulation tracking forms and domestic waste movement forms note commercially sensitive issues). Metal Scrap and the Waste Shipment Regulation Non OECD countries (2) For green list exports to non-oecd countries, the Regulations require the Commission to obtain a new declaration from the receiving country as to whether it will accept each kind of waste; it may also require prenotification. In List B, the possibly affected wastes are some metal scrap under B1010 (ferrous and aluminium) GC010 (electronic assemblies consisting of only metals or alloys) and GC020 (electronic scrap e.g. printed circuit boards, electronic components, wire, etc.) and reclaimed electronic components suitable for base and precious metal recovery). However, some of the non-oecd countries failed to respond and in such as cases the countries are to be regarded as having chosen a procedure of prior written notification and consent. Default controls of prior written notification and consent are applied. When scrap is traded under the procedure of prior notification and consent, exporters of scrap metals to non-oecd countries are required to pre-notify, which requires administration and payment of a fee as well as the establishment of a financial guarantee Metal Scrap and REACH REACH When metal scrap ceases to be waste, it becomes subject to the provisions of the REACH Regulation. Article 2.2 of the REACH Regulation specifies that waste is not a substance, mixture or article within the meaning of Article 3 of this Regulation. As long as iron and steel scrap has the status of waste it is therefore not a substance, mixture or article for REACH and most obligations under the REACH Regulation do not apply. When iron and steel scrap cease to be waste according to Article 6 of the WFD, the exemption under Article 2.2 of the REACH Regulation does not apply anymore. A benefit of EU-wide end-of-waste criteria will therefore be to clarify when iron and steel scrap has to be considered a substance, mixture or article under REACH and when not. However, concerns have been raised that the end-of-waste criteria may lead to disproportionate regulatory burdens under REACH, especially for the companies that produce iron and steel scrap with end-of-waste status. The main potential burdens are related to the registration of the substances in end-of-waste scrap and to the obligations to provide safety information to downstream users.

Human resources calculation scheme Permit writers New permits Calculation of number of permit writers Polluting level/ Complexity indicators High Medium Low Totals Number of enterprises 100 500 10000 4600 Application check / mn days/permit application Permit conditions drafting/check Integration with auth/ Public/ mndays Total mandays Effective days per permit writer Number of permit writers 20 10 1 10 5 0.5 5.0 2.0 0.2 2.0 1.0 0.1 3700 9000 18000 30700 150 205 Management Administrative staff Judicial support Staff turn over Total Additional staff requirements Per 10 permit writers one management level 20 Per 40 permit writers one support administrative staff 5 (only screening the typing standardize output format Per 10 permit writers one judicial support 20 One in 100 permits go to court Average turn over 5% of staff 10 55 Total of permit writers s and additional staff 260

Human resources calculation scheme Renewal Permit writers Renewal permits Calculation of number of permit writers Polluting level/ Complexity indicators High Medium Low Totals Number of enterprises 100 500 10000 4600 Application check / mn days/permit application Permit conditions drafting/check Integration with auth/ Public/ mndays Total mandays Effective days per permit writer Number of renewal permit writers 5 2 0.5 2 1 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 810 1800 9000 10610 150 71 Management Administrative staff Judicial support Staff turn over Total Additional staff requirements Per 10 renewal permit writers one management level 7 Per 80 renewal permit writers one support 1 administrative staff (only screening the typing standardize output format Per 80 renewal permit writers one judicial support 1 One in 1000 renewal permits go to court Average turn over 5% of staff 4 13 Total of permit writers s and additional staff 84

Human resources calculation scheme Permit writers Calculation of number of permit writers Polluting level/ Complexity indicators High Medium Low Totals Number of enterprises Application check / mn days Permit conditions drafting/check Integration with auth/ Public/ mndays Total mandays Effective days per permit writer Number of permit writers Management Additional staff requirements Administrative staff Judicial support Staff turn over Total Total of Inspectors and additional staff

RENA workshop Izmir, October 2011 Implementation of the Law on IPPC in Montenegro state of the art

Secondary regulations

Which bodies are competent for issuing integrated permit? How to submit the request for issuing an integrated permit?

Preparation of the request for issuing an integrated permit Preparation of the request for issuing an integrated permit

Along with the request the operator shall submit the following prescribed documents: How to issue an integrated permit?

Request Incomplete Failure to supplement request Supplement (15 days) Rejection Complete Informing Submission of the request and documents Chacking data Checking feasibility of solutions Opinion and proposals of the public Draft permit Informing the public Request for submitting draft permit Submitting draft Opinion of the publici Submission to techicalj commission Work of the technical commission, report Decision on permit issuing Submission of the decision Which companies are IPPC companies?

List of existing IPPC installations No. Type of activity and installation OPERATOR MUNICIPALITY 1. Energy production 1. 1.1 Thermal energy installations with the rated thermal input >50 MW TE»PLJEVLJA«Pljevlja 2. Metals production and processing 2. 2.2 Installations for production of raw iron or steel (primary or secondary fusion) including continuous casting, with a capacity exceeding 2,5 t/h; Željezara Nikši Nikši 2.3 Processing installations in ferrous industry: (a) Hot rolling mills with capacity exceeding 20 t/h of raw steel; Željezara Nikši Nikši (b) smitheries with automatic hammers the energy of which exceeds 50 kilojoules per hammer where the calorific power used is >20 MW Željezara Nikši Nikši 3. 2.4 Ferrous metal foundries with a production capacity >20 tonnes per day Livnica»GATI«Nikši 4. 2.6 Installations for surface processing of metal and plastic materials using electrolytic or chemical processes, where the volume for the treatment exceeds 30 m 3.»Alu-line«, površinska elektrohemijska zaštita Mojkovac 5. (a) For the production of non-ferrous raw materials from ore, concentrates or secondary raw materials by means of metalllurgy and chemical processes or electrolytic processes KAP Podgorica 3. Mineral industry 6. 3.5. Installations for the production of ceramic products by baking, especially crijepa, brick, vatrostalne opeke, ploica, ceramic or porcelain, with production capacities exceeding 75 t per day, and/or with oven capacity exceeding 4 m3, with filling density per oven exceeding 300 kg/m3.»opeka«, ciglana, Berane 4. Chemical industry 7. 4.6 Chemical installations for production of explosives»polieks«berane 8. 4.6 Chemical installations for production of explosives»booster«nikši 5. Waste management 9. 5.4 Landfills receiving more than 10 t of waste per day or of total capacity exceeding 25.000 t, excluding landfills of inert waste»deponija«d.o.o., Podgorica 6. Other activities 10. 6.1 Industrial installations for production of: (b) paper and cardboard, with production capacities exceeding 20 t per day»beranka«berane 6.6 Installations for fattening of poultry or pigs with more than: 11. (a) 40.000 places for poultry»pantomarket«, Spuž 12. (b) 2.000 places for pigs for breeding (weight exceeding 30 kg)»pantomarket«, Martinii (c) 750 places for sows»pantomarket«, Martinii

T.C. ÇEVRE VE ORMAN BAKANLIĞI ÇEVRE YÖNETİMİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ Elektrikli Ark Ocaklı (EAO) Demir Çelik Fabrikalarında Mevcut En İyi Tekniklerin (BAT) Emisyon Azaltılmasında ve Hava Kalitesinin Korunmasında Kullanılması A.Yavuz Yücekutlu, A.Teoman Sanalan Haziran 2011

Demir Çelik Üretimi ve Çevre Ülkemizde demir çelik üretimi, entegre demir çelik fabrikalarında hammadde olarak cevher, elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde ise hurda demir ve çelik kullanılarak yapılmaktadır. Demir çelik tesisleri Çevre Mevzuatında Kirletici Vasfı Yüksek Tesisler arasında yer alan almakta olup, bu tesisler mevzuatta yer alan hüküm ve sınırlamalara uymakla yükümlüdürler.

Yapılan çalışmalar Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı nca demir çelik sektörünün Çevre Mevzuatına uygun faaliyet göstermesi konusunda yoğun olarak çalışılmaktadır. Kirlilik azaltılmasında AB çevre mevzuatında önemli bir yeri olan Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrolü Direktifi çerçevesinde Mevcut en iyi tekniklerin demir çelik tesislerinde uygulanması çalışmaları ise son yıllarda hem Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı hem de demir çelik sektörünce üzerinde önemle durulan konulardandır.

Demir Çelik Üretimi Türkiye nin ham çelik üretim kapasitesi 2000 yılındaki 19.8 milyon ton seviyesinden, % 72 oranında artışla, 2008 yılında 34.1 milyon ton seviyesine yükselmiştir. Aynı dönemde, elektrikli ark ocaklarının üretim kapasitesi % 91 oranında artışla, 13.6 milyon tondan, 26.1 milyon tona yükselirken, entegre tesislerin kapasitesi, % 30 oranında artışla, 8 milyon tona yükselmiştir.

Demir çelik fabrikaları

Demir Çelik Üretimi ve Emisyonları Demir çelik üretimde kullanılan hurdanın içinde bulunan pas, yağ, plastik maddeler, boya ve kaplama gibi safsızlıklar kirliliğin oluşmasındaki ana etken olarak sayılabilir. Ark ocaklı tesislerden kaynaklanan belli başlı emisyonlar; Toz emisyonu, ağır metaller, karbonmonoksit, azot oksitler, organik gaz ve buharlar, PAH lar, dioksin ve furanlardır. Bu tesislerden kaynaklanan toz emisyonu önlenmesi en öncelikli emisyondur.

Demir Çelik Üretimi ve Emisyonları Elektrikli ark ocağı tozunda; Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Hg, Al, Ca, Mg, K, S, P, C, O, ve Cl elementlerinin varlığı görülmektedir. En fazla toksisiteye neden olan metaller Kadmiyum (Cd), Kurşun (Pb) ve Cıva (Hg) dır. Demir çelik tesislerinde toz emisyonunun azaltılması konusunda alınacak önlemlerin, aynı zamanda ağır metal ve dioksin furan emisyonlarında da azalmaya neden olacağı bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle Çevre Mevzuatımızda ve AB Çevre Mevzuatında bu konuya gereken önemin verildiği görülür.

Elektrikli Ark Ocaklı Tesisler

IPPC Direktifi ve Mevcut En İyi Teknikler Avrupa Birliğinin sanayi alanında sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve kirliliği kaynağında önleme ilkelerinin gerçekleştirilmesi için hazırladığı ve 1996 yılında yayımlayarak 1999 yılında yürürlüğe koyduğu Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrol Direktifi (IPPC-ilk sürüm: 96/61/EC, ikinci sürüm: 2008/1/EC); daha sonra Endüstriyel Emisyonlar Direktifi (2010/75/EU) içinde yer almaktadır. Kirliliği kaynağında önlemenin yanı sıra, enerji, su, hammadde gibi kaynakları minimum kullanma, atık üretimini en aza indirme, verimi artırma, her türlü alıcı ortama kirleticileri teknolojik düzey ölçüsünde azaltma ve bu kapsamda yerel çevrede kayda değer bir kirliliğe neden olmama fonksiyonlarını amaçlamaktadır.

IPPC Direktifi ve Mevcut En İyi Teknikler Direktifin öngördüğü araç, entegre bir izin sistemi ve kılavuz da mevcut en iyi teknikler kavramıdır. Bu türden entegre bir yaklaşımın genel amacı, bir bütün olarak çevrenin en üst düzeyde korunmasını sağlayacak şekilde endüstriyel süreçlerin yönetim ve kontrolünü geliştirmektir. Bu yaklaşımın merkezinde, direktifin işletmecilerin özellikle çevresel performanslarını artıracak şekilde mevcut en iyi tekniklerin uygulanması aracılığıyla kirlenmeye karşı gerekli tüm ihtiyati önlemleri almaları gerektiği yönündeki genel prensip yer almaktadır.

Mevcut En İyi Teknikler BAT (Best Available Techniques-Mevcut En iyi Teknikler) çevrenin bir bütün olarak korunmasını en etkili şekilde sağlayacak, yerel olarak elde edilebilecek ve ekonomik olarak da uygulanabilecek teknolojiler ve bunların uygulanış biçimlerini ifade etmektedir. Diğer bir husus ise mevcut en iyi tekniklerin kullanılması yolu ile kirliliğin mümkün olduğunca azaltılması ve bu konunun gelişmeye açık olması yani dinamik bir süreç olmasıdır. IPPC Direktifinin özellikle mevcut en iyi tekniklerin kullanılması yoluyla, kirliliğe karşı uygun bütün önleyici tedbirler alınır ve hiç bir önemli kirliliğe neden olunmaz hükümleri gereği sanayi tesislerinde çevresel yatırımlar yapılarak alıcı ortamların korunması zorunludur.

Hava Kalitesi Sınır Değerleri Hava kalitesinin korunması, insan ve çevre sağlığının korunması konusunda en önemli hedeflerden birisidir. Mevcut sınır değerlerin insan ve çevre sağlığının korunması yanında, AB çevre mevzuatı ile uyumlu hale getirilmesi çalışmaları kapsamında, 2009 yılından başlayarak 2014 yılına kadar kademeli olarak azaltılması Çevre Mevzuatı gereğidir. Bu konudaki düzenleme Sanayi Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Ek-2 de yer almaktadır.

Demir Çelik Mevcut En İyi Teknikler Referans Dokümanlarında Elektrikli Ark Ocaklarına İlişkin Teknikler Gelişmiş emisyon toplama sistemi Elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde en önemli sistemlerden emisyon toplama sistemi, ergitme sürecinde oluşan birincil emisyonlar ile ikincil yakma sisteminde oluşan atık gazlar ile EAO üzerinde yer alan davlumbaz tarafından çekilen emisyonların toplanmasını amaçlamaktadır. Genellikle elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde kullanılan davlumbaz sistemi %90 a kadar birincil emisyonlar ve ikincil emisyonların toplanmasını sağlar; direk emisyon çekme sistemi ile birlikte kullanıldığında, toplama verimi %98 e kadar artar. Mevcut ve yeni tesisler için kullanılabilir.

EAO lı tesisler

Atık gazdaki tozsuzlaştırma uygulaması İyi tasarlanmış torbalı filtrelerle toz emisyonu yeni tesislerde max. 5 mg/nm3, mevcut tesislerde ise max. 15 mg/nm3 e kadar tutulur. Toz içeriğinin minimize etmek, cıva gibi gaz fazında bulunan ağır metaller haricinde diğer ağır metal emisyonlarını da minimize eder.

Dioksin ve Furan emisyonlarının azaltımı Elektrikli Ark Ocaklı (EAO) demir çelik fabrikalarından kaynaklanan emisyonların büyük ölçüde toksik, tehlikeli ve kalıcı kirletici özelliği göstermesi bu tesislerde BAT ların öncelikle uygulanmasını, çevrenin korunması için gerekli ve öncelikli kılmaktadır. Elektrikli ark ocaklı demir çelik tesislerinde hurda içinde bulunan boya, yağ ve kaplamalar gibi maddeler ayrıştırılmadığında ve olumsuz yakma koşulları altında dioksin ve furanlar için öncü kirleticiler oluşmasına neden olurlar.

Atık gazın etkili olarak yakılması (postcombustion) Elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde CO ve H 2 tam olarak oksitlenmez bu nedenle etkin bir ikincil yakma sisteminde yakılması gereklidir. İkincil yakma, yakma kamarasında atık gazın yakılmasından sonra organik emisyonların azaltılması amacıyla kullanılan yöntemdir. Atık gazda organiklerin yeniden birleşmesini engellemek amacı ile atık gazın hızlı soğutulması yöntemi de kullanılmaktadır.

Atık Gaz Sıcaklığın Düşülmesi EAO gazlarındaki dioksin ve furanların bir kısmı, atık gaz sıcaklığı PCDD/F yoğuşma sıcaklığının altına düştükçe, partikül madde üzerinde adsorbe olur veya yoğuşarak partikül madde oluşturabilir. Filtre kumaşları ince partikül maddeleri tutarak toplam partikül madde miktarını düşürdükleri için, EAO larda yaygınlıkla kullanılan ve mevcut en iyi teknolojiler içinde yer alan emisyon kontrol yöntemidir. Partikül madde üzerinde absorbe olan/yoğuşan PCDD/F ler de torba üzerinde kaldığından partikül madde ile birlikte PCDD/F emisyonu azaltılabilir.

Partikül Madde Emisyon Kontrolü (Etkin filtreleme sistemi) Torbalı filtreler EAO ları için en uygun toplam partikül madde emisyon kontrol yöntemidir. İyi tasarlanmış bir filtre sistemi ile yeni işletmelerde 5 mg/nm3 eski işletmelerde ise 20 mg/nm3 emisyon seviyelerine inilebilmektedir. Partikül maddeler ile önemli miktarlarda PCDD/F de torba yüzeyinde kalmaktadır.

Adsorban Madde Püskürtülmesi Atık gaz üzerine kok tozu veya antrasit parçacıkları püskürtülerek üzerlerine PCDD/F lerin emdirilmesine dayanan bu yöntemin uygulamalarında 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3 altındaki PCDD/F seviyelerine ulaşılabildiği görülmüştür. PCDD/F lerin partikül madde üzerinde yoğuşması veya emilmesi ve daha sonra filtre torbaların yüzeyinde tutulması, doğrudan filtre hücrelerindeki gaz sıcaklığına bağlıdır. Genel olarak etkin PCDD/F arıtımı için filtre çıkış sıcaklığının 80 C nin altında olması hedeflenir.

Hammadde Kontrolü EAO ların ana hammaddesi olan hurda dioksin ve furan oluşumuna neden olabilecek yağ, plastik malzemeler, diğer hidrokarbonlar vb. gibi kirleticileri içerebilir. Hammadde kontrolü ve kirleticilerden arındırılmış uygun hurda harmanları ile emisyon değerleri önemli ölçüde azaltılabilir.

Mevzuat Uyumu Çalışmaları Emisyonların kontrolü ve azaltılması konusunda mevcut Çevre Mevzuatımızın AB çevre Mevzuatına önemli ölçüde benzerliği bulunmakla birlikte, son yıllarda yapılan değişikliklerde; Kirliliğin kaynağında önlenmesi, Hava kalitesinin korunması, Emisyonların izlenmesi ve kontrolü, Tesislerde alınacak önlemlerin mevcut en iyi tekniklerin kullanılmasını da destekleyecek nitelikte olması, hedeflenmiştir.

Gelecekte emisyon ve hava kalitesi sınır değerleri 01.01.2012 tarihinde SKHKK Yönetmeliği Ek- 7 nin yürürlüğe girmesi ile ağır metaller ve organik gaz ve buharlar emisyonları sınır değerlerinde azaltım gerçekleşecektir. Ayrıca SKHKKY Ek-2 de yer alan hava kalitesi sınır değerleri, 2014 e kadar her yıl belirli oranlarda azalma öngördüğü için mevcut ve yeni kurulacak tesislerde mevcut en iyi tekniklerin uygulanması konusunun önemi artmaktadır.

Aşırı derece tehlikeli maddeler Dioksin Furan emisyonlarının sınırlandırılması ülkemiz mevzuatında ilk olarak 2004 yılında Endüstriyel Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Ek-1 de Aşırı derece tehlikeli maddeler kategorisinde değerlendirilmiştir. SKHKK Yönetmeliğinde de bu uygulama devam etmektedir. Ülkemiz dioksin furan konusunda ölçüm ve numune alma konusunda pek çok ülkeden daha iyi bir alt yapı oluşturmuştur.

Mevcut Durum Toz emisyonun azaltılması Ülkemizde faaliyet gösteren 16 adet EAO lı çelikhanelerin tamamında torbalı tip toz tutma sistemi bulunmaktadır. Bu tesislerden BREF te önerilen % 98 ve üzerinde toz tutma verimliliğine sahip olan tesis sayısı 10 dir. Ülkemizde faaliyet gösteren çelikhanelerin tümü bu günkü mevcut sınır değer olan 50 mg/nm3 değerini sağlamaktadır. BREF te önerilen toz emisyonu konsantrasyonu olan 15 mg/nm3 değerini sağlayan tesis sayısı; tasarım verilerine göre 9 tesis, emisyon ölçüm sonuçlarına göre ise 12 adettir. 01.01.2012 den geçerli olacak olan 25 mg/nm3 toz emisyonu sınır değerini ise tesislerin büyük bölümü sağlamaktadır.

Mevcut Durum Dioksin furan emisyonlarının azaltılması Dioksin furan emisyonlarının ölçülmesi ve sınırlandırılması konusunda 2004 yılından beri önemli aşama kaydedilmiştir. Dioksin Furan emisyonlarının azaltılması konusunda BREF te önerilen; emilen gazın kontrollü olarak yakılması tekniği en çok kullanılan tekniktir. Hızlı soğutma ile yakma sonrası dioksin furanların tekrar oluşmasını önleyen teknikleri kullanan tesisler de bulunmaktadır. Torbalı filtre öncesi kanala linyit tozu enjekte edilmesi ve bu tozun etkin olarak tutulması ile söz konusu emisyonları azaltan çok az sayıda tesis bulunmaktadır. Hammaddenin ayıklanması gibi azaltım tedbirleri kullanılan tesisler de mevcuttur.

Mevcut Durum Ağır metal içeren toz ve karbonmonoksit emisyonlarının sürekli ölçüm cihazı ile izlenmesi konusunda önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiştir. Tüm EAO lı tesislerde emisyonların sürekli izlenmesi çalışmaları ise halen devam etmektedir.

Sonuç ve Öneriler Ülkemizde demir çelik üretiminden kaynaklanan çevre kirliliğin önlenmesinde son yıllarda önemli aşama kaydedilmiştir. İşletmelerde alınacak emisyon azaltım tedbirleri, baca gazı ve hava kalitesi sınır değerlerinin sağlanması ve alıcı ortamların korunması açısından önemlidir.

Sonuç ve Öneriler İşletmelerin öncelikle Türk Çevre Mevzuatına uygun faaliyet göstermelerinin önem ve önceliği yanında, mevcut en iyi teknikler konusunda yapılan çalışmaların takip edilmesi ve uygulamaya konulması, önümüzdeki yıllarda diğer ülkelerle rekabet edilebilmesi ve AB çevre mevzuatına uyum için de gerekli olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda yeni kurulacak tesisler ile mevcut tesislerin yenilenmesi ve kapasite artışlarında çevre kirliliğinin önlenmesi ve kontrolü konusunda kullanılacak tekniklerin, IPPC Direktifinde önemli bir yeri olan mevcut en iyi teknikler ile uyumlu olması işletmecilerin yararına olacaktır.

Sonuç ve Öneriler Baca gazı emisyonlarının izlenmesi için tesislerin büyük çoğunluğunda sürekli ölçüm cihazı bulunmakta olup, önümüzdeki yıllarda tüm elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislere yaygınlaştırılması gerekli olacaktır.

Sonuç ve Öneriler Bu tesislerde BAT ların uygulanması durumunda ulaşılabilecek emisyon değerleri, ülkemizde uygulanan emisyon sınır değerlerini sağlayacak düzeydedir. Fakat bu uygulamanın hayata geçilmesinin daha önemli etkisi, işletmelerin etki alanlarında hava kalitesi değerlerinin ileriki yıllarda da sağlanabilmesi olacaktır.

İLGİNİZE TEŞEKKÜRLER A. Yavuz YÜCEKUTLU yyucekutlu@cob.gov.tr Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü

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