J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment Vol 13:17-114 (27) Application of the Talwani modeling method to the magnetic data of Sinop and its surrounding Talwani modelleme yönteminin Sinop ve civarının manyetik verilerine uygulanması Sinan Demirel * and Fatih Adatepe İstanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Müşküle Sokak, 1, Vefa, İstanbul Abstract In this study, Talwani modeling method is applied to total magnetic anomaly map of Sinop and its surrounding area. As a result, the high anomaly values observed in the map were attributed to volcanic formations. The lower anomaly values were attributed to the effect of sediment cover. Tectonically structural elements existent in this area are evaluated as fault anomalies on the profiles in the magnetic map. The calculated average depth (1.5-8 km) values obtained during this model study are consistent with the former studies. Keywords: Talwani modeling method, Sinop, magnetic data, fault Introduction Sinop is a peninsula in the Black Sea. The offshore part of Black Sea shelf area ends with -1 m slope in most of the basin as in Sinop (Fig.1). The shelf is relatively wider in the front part of Sinop and the deployment and width have a strong relationship with the tectonic structure of posterior rock and aggregation structures (Erinç, 1984). This region is on the agenda nowadays, relating to oil and natural gas prospects and possible nuclear plant establishment. * Corresponding author: sinan@istanbul.edu.tr 17
Previous magnetic studies Some magnetic studies have been executed earlier different researchers (Tahran, 1987; Yiğiter, 1989; Demirel and Adatepe, 23; Demirel and Adatepe, 26) in areas neighboring the coast of Sinop. In these studies, master curves were used with one dimensional Fourier analysis, and it is determined that average depths of masses, which give correspondence to magnetic anomalies, are between 2 and 8 km. Structure depths of magnetic masses calculated in the studies done in deeper sea basins of Black Sea, are determined between 1 and 2 km (Belousov et al., 1988). Regional geology of Sinop Great numbers of studies have been done relating the geological evolution of Black Sea (Saner, 198; Annon., 1985; Gökaşan, 1996; Yılmaz et al., 1997). The study done in land and sea areas of Sinop has contributed to the understanding of local geology of the region (Özhan, 24). According to these points, the primal unit of the region is a volcanic formation which is composed of Upper Crateceous aged agglomerate, basalt lava and dikes. In Sinop peninsula, Miocene aged sandy limestones are over Upper Crateceous aged agglomerates (Fig. 1a). In İnceburun peninsula, Plio-Quarternary sediments composed of fluvial and aeolian origin sands are above the Upper Crateceous aged volcanic structures (Fig. 1a). The region was under the effect of compressive forces in the direction of orth ortheastern South Southwestern between Upper Crateceous Upper Miocene periods, and at in the end of Miocene, this activity was decreased by the activity of orth Anatolian Fault (AF) system (Özhan, 24). Active lineament in the sea bottom has been observed in higher differential seismic reflection records of the same study (Fig. 1a). The reflection characters in the profiles, suggest that the basic rock under the sea bottom covered with young sediments belongs to the Upper Crateceous aged old volcanic formations (Fig. 1b) and also includes faults (Özhan, 24). 18
1 BLACK SEA İnceburun 1 SİOP U. Cretaceous Miocene Quaternary Plio-Quaternary 1 İsobaths(m) Faults Se a le ve l (a) SİOP Se a le v e l S İnc eburun S Sea level U.Cretaceous Eocene Quaternary Fa u lts Te rtia ry Miocene Plio Quarternary (b) Figure 1. (a) Regional geology of study area and local faults, (b) Structural geological profiles (modified from Özhan, 24) Material and Method The total magnetic anomaly map used in this study was prepared by the Turkish avy Department of avigation, Hydrography and Oceanography (TDHO) (Fig. 2). The observed anomalies forming the north and south of 42 latitude have different characteristics. Positive 1 and 2 nt contours of the south edge of 42 latitude increase to positive 5 nt towards the south, whereas the magnetic values that constitute the north of the same latitude degrees to negative 2 nt towards the offshore. 19
-1 + 2 Taking into consideration the magnetic anomalies which are evaluated qualitatively from the magnetic map, Talwani modeling method (Talwani et al., 1959) is applied to the selected three profiles (Fig. 2). The structural geological profiles (Fig. 1b) which are derived from high differentiation seismic reflection method have contributed greatly to the structural model studies (Fig. 3) constituted after application. 35 C A B -2-2 + 1 42 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 3 + 4 C A + 3 B 2 4 Km Figure 2. Total magnetic anomaly map (TDHO) of study area and profiles (original scale 1:15 ) 11
( nt ) 5 4 Obseved 3 Calculated 2 1-1 -22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 km Derinlik (km) S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( nt ) AA 5 4 3 Observed 2 Calculated 1-1 km -2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 S 1 2 Depth(km) 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 1 ( nt ) BB Observed Calculated -1-2 km 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 1.5 12 13.5 15 SE W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Depth (km) CC Figure 3. Magnetic profiles (AA, BB, CC ) and their structural models 111
Discussion and Results The numerical calculations of structure models which were gained after application show that the depths of magnetically active masses are between 1.5 and 8 km in average. In addition, the points of evident changes determined in magnetic profiles were evaluated as fault anomalies (Fig. 3). The high value of anomaly from shelf offshore area through the coast of Sinop is an indication of heightening and surfacing through the south of volcanic unit containing Upper Crateceous-aged and magnetically intensive material, which was given as a basic rock (Fig. 1). On the contrary, it is considered that the decrease in magnetic anomaly values to the negative in the coast offing is caused by sediment cover, which was thickening towards the abyssal area. In other words, most probably the higher values of magnetic masses under the sediment cover are masked by sediments. Another point of issue is that the coastal area of Sinop peninsula is heightened by the effects of interior forces of the Earth s crust (Erinç, 1984). It is determined that current seismic data has not constituted a consistent activity with Quaternary geology (Annon., 1985; Kirişçioğlu Sancar, 1999). 1. In the qualitative evaluation of magnetic anomaly map, the existence of the increasing values up to positive 5 nt in the coastal areas of Sinop, is an indication of volcanic unit containing Upper Crateceous aged and magnetically consistent material in the region. 2. In the offshore, it is considered that the magnetic anomaly values are masked by the effect of thick sediment cover, thus resulting in lover values. 3. In the Sinop shelf area some tectonic structural components may be interpreted as a fault. Although this makes the region tectonically sensitive, an extensive seismic activity has not been detected. 4. As a result of structural model studies, the average depths of magnetic masses are calculated to be between 1.5 and 8 km. These are consistent with the results of the previous magnetic studies, which were obtained by using different methods in the regions near coastal areas. 112
Özet Bu çalışmada, Talwani modelleme yöntemi uygulanarak Sinop ve çevresine ait toplam manyetik anomali haritasının jeofizik analizi yapılmıştır. Buna göre haritada yüksek anomali gösteren değerlerin volkanik formasyonlardan kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir. Düşük anomali değerlerinin ise şelf alanının üst kısmını oluşturan sediment örtünün etkisinde kaldığı görülmüştür. Manyetik haritadan alınan profiller üzerinde tektonik anlamda fay anomalisi şeklinde değerlendirilen yapısal unsurlar gözlenmiştir. Model çalışmalar sonunda elde edilen ortalama derinlik değerleri (1.5-8 km) bölgede daha önce yapılan çalışmalarla uyumludur. References Annon. (1985). Karadeniz in Güney Kenarının Tektonik Karakteristikleri, İTÜ Maden Fakültesi Jeoloji Bölümü Proje o:tek-85/53, Türkiye Elektrik Kurumu ükleer Enerji Santraller Dairesi, Ankara. Belousov, V.V., Volvovsk, B.S. (1988). Structure and evolution of the Earth crust and upper mantle of the Black Sea. Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl.3: 117-118. Demirel, S. and Adatepe, F. (23). Karadeniz in Manyetik Verilerinin Analizi, İ.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterliği, Proje o:1767/211221. Demirel, S. and Adatepe, F. (26). Examination on the Magnetic Data of Sinop Shelf Area, The 17. International Geophysical Congressand Exhibition of Turkey, 14-17 ovember 26, Ankara, p.22. Erinç, S.(1984). Karadeniz Çanağının Jeomorfolojik ve Yapısal Özellikleri ve Morfometrisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü, BÜLTE 1: 15-22. Gökaşan, E. (1996). Anadolu nun Karadeniz Kıyılarının eotektoniğine Bir Yaklaşım, Yerbilimleri 29: 99-19. Özhan, G. (24). Sinop Açıklarında Jeolojik ve Aktif Çizgisel Bulgular, Kıyı ve Deniz Jeolojisi Sempozyumu, 13-15 Eylül 24, İstanbul. p. 21. Kirişçioğlu Sancar, A. (1999). Türkiye nin Karadeniz Kıyılarının Sismotektonik Değerlendirilmesi, İ.Ü. Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, M.Sc. Thesis. Saner, S. (198). Batı Pontidlerin ve komşu havza oluşumlarının levha tektoniği, MTA Dergisi 93-94: 1-2. 113
Tahran, Ü. (1987). Karadeniz Mağnetik profillerine güç spektrumunun uygulanması ve ortalama derinliklerin saptanması, İ.Ü. Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü, M.Sc. Thesis. Talwani, M., Worzel, J. L. and Landisman, M. (1959). Rapid Gravity Computations for two-dimensional bodies with application to the Mendocine Submarine Fracture Zone, J. Geophysical Research 64: 49-61. Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yiğitbaş, E., Genç, C. and Şengör, A.M.C. (1997). Geology and Tectonic Evolution of Pontides, in A.G. Robinson (Ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of Black Sea and Surrounding Region, AAPG Memoir. 68:183-226. Yiğiter, G. (1989). Karadeniz Mağnetik alan şiddet haritasına tek boyutlu Fourier ve Master Eğrileri uygulanarak derinlik tayini, İ.Ü.Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü. M.Sc. Thesis. Received: 9.3.27 Accepted: 23.3.27 114