SITE INDEX TABLES FOR MIXED STANDS OF SCOTS PINE

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1 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: SITE INDEX TABLES FOR MIXED STANDS OF SCOTS PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.), ULUDAG FIR (Abies brnmülleriana Matff.) AND BEECH (Fagus rientalis Lipsky.) IN ZONGULDAK FOREST DISTRICT ABSTRACT Birsen DURKAYA, Ali DURKAYA ZKU, Bartın Faculty f Frestry, Department f Frest Management, 74 Bartın-Turkey alidurkaya@htmail.cm, birsen6@htmail.cm Site index curves and tables have been prepared fr uneven aged mixed stands f Scts pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Uludag fir (Abies brnmülleriana Matff.) and beech (Fagus rientalis Lipsky.) in Znguldak territry, Turkey. Curves and tables have been cnstructed fr every tree species using data frm 3 sample plts and 93 stem analyses. Llyd-Hafley s methd (977) was used t cnstruct site index curves and tables. Results were cmpared with Uludağ fir and beech site index tables prepared fr uneven aged pure stands. Results shw that there are differences between uneven aged pure and mixed stands develpments, especially at Uludağ fir. Keywrds: Mixed stand, Site quality, Scts pine, Uludag fir, Beech ÖZET ZONGULDAK ORMAN BÖLGE MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ SARIÇAM (Pinus sylvestris L.), ULUDAĞ GÖKNARI (Abies brnmülleriana Matff.) VE KAYIN (Fagus rientalis Lipsky. ) KARIŞIK MEŞCERELERİ BONİTET TABLOLARI Znguldak Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü sınırları içerisindeki Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.), Uludağ göknarı (Abies brnmülleriana Matff.) ve Dğu kayınından (Fagus rientalis Lipsky.) luşan değişikyaşlı karışık meşcereler için bnitet eğrileri ve tablları düzenlenmiştir. Eğrilerin ve tablların düzenlenmesinde 3 örnek alan ve 93 gövde analizinden elde edilen verilerden faydalanılmıştır. Değerlendirme metdu larak Llyd-Hafley metdu kullanılmıştır. Snuçlar saf Uludağ göknarı ve kayın meşcereleri için düzenlenen bnitet tablları ile kıyaslanmıştır. Snuçlar özellikle uludağ göknarında saf ve karışık meşcereler arasında farklılıklar lduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Karışık meşcere, Bnitet, Sarıçam, Uludağ göknarı, Kayın. INTRODUCTION Znguldak territry in Turkey, have great mixed frest areas cmpsed f Scts pine (Pinus silvestris L.), Uludag fir (Abies brnmülleriana Mattf.) and beech (Fagus rientalis Lipsky.). One f the majr needs in frest management planning fr these stands is t predict frest stand develpment. Cnstructin f site index curves and tables is a fundamental task fr predicting stand develpment and t determine site quality differentiatin. In Turkey, fr pure stands f Scts pine (Alemdağ, 967), Uludag fir (Saraçğlu, 988) and beech (Kalıpsız, 96; Carus, 998; Atıcı, 998), site quality curves and tables have been develped. But mixed stands f these species have nt been studied befre. Accrding t Clutter et al. (99), direct methds fr quantifying site quality, can be classified as fllws:. Estimatin frm histrical yield recrds. 6

2 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı:. Estimatin based n stand vlume data. 3. Estimatin based n stand height data. Cmmn methds are based n stand height data. Fr even-aged stands, age-height relatinship is used. In uneven-aged stands, because f suppressin perid, diameter-height relatinship is preferred. T cnstruct site index curves and tables fr uneven-aged stands, different methds were develped. Sme f them are Flury methd, Mitscherlich methd, Assman-Smmer methd, Har-Yung methd and Llyd-Hafley methd (Eraslan, 98; Saraçğlu, 988). Site quality curves and tables fr mixed stands f Scts pine, Uludağ fir and beech have been prepared by using Llyd-Hafley s methd. This methd have been used t cnstruct site quality curves and tables f pure unevenaged Uludağ fir stands by Saraçğlu (988) and pure uneven-aged beech stands by Atıcı (998) in Turkey.. MATERIAL AND METHODS.. Data Data were cllected frm 3 sample plts in Znguldak territry in Turkey. Lcatins and characteristics f plt areas are given belw (Table ). Table. Lcatins and characteristics f plt areas. N Frest enterprise Planning Unit Elevatin (m) Expsitin Slpe % Area (ha) Ulus Uluyayla 94 N-NW -. Ulus Uluyayla 9 N. 3 Ulus Uluyayla 94 N. 4 Ulus Uluyayla 9 S. Ulus Uluyayla 3 S Ulus Uluyayla S-SE 3. 7 Karabük Keltepe 34 N-NW. 8 Karabük Keltepe 38 N-NW -. 9 Karabük Keltepe 33 W -. Karabük Keltepe 36 W -. Karabük Keltepe 3 W. Bartın Sökü S 3. 3 Bartın Sökü 9 S Bartın Sökü S -3. Bartın Sökü SW Bartın Sökü SW Bartın Merkez 7 SE. 8 Bartın Merkez S Bartın Merkez 3 SE -. Bartın Merkez SE -. Yenice Çitdere 9 NW -. Yenice Çitdere NW Yenice Çitdere E Yenice Çitdere NE 4. Yenice Çitdere N. 6 Dirgine Çaldere 8 E 3. 7 Dirgine Çaldere 3 E 4. 8 Dirgine Çaldere E 4. 9 Dirgine Çaldere W 6. 3 Dirgine Karadere 4 W. 3 Dirgine Karadere W. 7

3 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: In time, researchers have used different plt area sizes frm. ha t. ha (Dengler, 93; Herrick, 944; Kalipsiz, 96; Batu, 977; Kapucu, 978; Eraslan et al., 984; Saracglu, 988; Calıskan, 989). The literature were studied and it was decided that. ha plt area size was sufficient. 3 sample plts were measured. Stem analysis data frm 3 sample plt were als used in the study. In each plt, ne tree frm every species was selected as sample tree. Only c dminant and dminant trees, free f damage were selected. In uneven-aged stands height-age relatinship is nt apprpriate fr cnstructing site index tables because f suppressin perid. S, height- diameter relatinship was used and diameters and heights f all trees were measured. Using height-diameter relatinship, site index curves and tables develp based n III. Diameter class (36 cm-,9 cm) r IV. diameter class ( cm- ). In measured plts, III. Diameter class was heavy, s site index curves and tables have been cnstructed based n III. Diameter class... Methd The methd, develped by Llyd and Hafley (977) and used fr cnstructing site index tables f uneven-aged Uludağ fir (Saraçğlu, 988) and beech (Atıcı, 998) in Turkey, was used t prepare site index curves and tables f mixed stands f Scts pine, Uludağ fir and beech. The methd is a guide curve methd. Guide curve is generated using fllwing mdel. d Ĥ= +, 3 a + a T + a d + a dt + a d + a d T 3 4 () d = diameter inside bark at breast height (cm), T = species parameter. T parameter is a rati as given belw: T = hg/dg hg = height f average tree accrding t basal area, dg = diameter inside bark at breast height f average tree accrding t basal area. Fr every species, diameter levels have been frmed at -cm-width with cm differences (- cm, - cm, ) between lwer and upper diameter measures. Standard deviatins f all diameter levels have been calculated. N j Σ (h ji -ĥ ji ) I= s j= () n j- 3 n = number f diameter measures, h = heights f measured trees, ĥ= calculated heights using guide curve mdel, j = diameter levels, I = individuals number. Then, variatin widths (R j ) and variatin width/standard deviatin ratis (d ) have been determined as fllws: R j =h maxj -h minj (3) d =R/s (4) Relatinships between diameter inside bark at breast height (dbh)-standard deviatins and dbh-variatin width/standard deviatin rati have been mdeled. Calculated standard deviatins(ŝ) and variatin width/standard deviatin ratis ( d ) have been used t calculate average variatin width ( R ). R = d.ŝ () 8

4 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: Site quality curves are generated accrding t Llyd-Hafley s methd, using fllwing equatin. H=Ĥ+(BOD-,). R (6) BOD = site quality degree (frm, t,) These curves divide site quality area int sub areas accrding t their qualities. Sub areas can be classified as gd, mean, pr r rank like I., II., III. Etc. 3. RESULTS Frm height-dbh relatinship, guide curves have been generated fr every tree species. It was shwn that all guide curves fit int anther s. S, the same guide curve was used fr all tree species. Guide curve (Figure ) and cefficients f the equatin (Mdel 7) are given belw. Height (m) Uludağ fir- Sctch pine-beech Uludağ fir Beech Sctch pine Figure. Guide curves f three specieses d Ĥ= +, 3,7 + ( 3,94) T + ( 6,9) d + (,9) dt + (,) d + (,) d T (7) Statistics belngs t the guide curve regressin; R :,9, F:,, Se (m):9,8 Species parameter T was als determined fr every species frm hg/dg rati (Table ). Table. Species parameters (T) accrding t tree species. Tree specieses T Uludağ Fir,64896 Sctch pine,66443 Beech, Standard deviatins, calculated fr all diameter levels have been mdeled with fllwing equatin (Mdel 8). ŝ=-6,46+(37,83xt)+(,479xd)+(-,397xdt) (8) 9

5 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: 6 4 s(m) Uludağ fir-sctch pine-beech Uludağ fir Sctch pine Beech Figure. dbh-s relatinship Statistics belngs t dbh-s relatinship (Figure ); R =,99, F=6,79396, Se (m)=,34337 Fr all diameter levels, variatin width/standard deviatin ratis (d ) have been fund (Mdel 9). The relatinship is given at Figure 3. As; d =6,9899+(-,398xT) (9) d Figure 3. dbh-d relatinship R, Ĥ and BOD have been used tgether at fllwing equatin (Mdel ) and site index curves have been generated as; H=Ĥ+(BOD-,). R () The equatin is general equatin f stand height curves accrding t site quality degrees. Figure 4, and 6 shw site index curves fr every species. Site quality tables are given belw (Table 3, 4 and ). 3

6 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: h (m) ,8,6,4, Figure 4.Site index curves f Uludağ fir Table 3. Site quality table f Uludağ fir Diameter Site quality index (d g =44 cm fr) (d g ) 7,96,,6 4,4 6,46 8,69 3,836 3,98 3,6 37,7 39,46 Site quality cm,,,3,4,,6,7,8,9 36,96 7,93 9,389,486 3,8,679 7,77 9,87 3,968 34,64 36,6 38,99 8,68,76,8 4,394 6, 8,6 3,7 3,88 34,937 37,4 4 6,67 8,793,94 3,3,6 7,76 9,397 3,8 33,639 3,79 37,88 4 7,34 9,473,66 3,739,87 8, 3,38 3,7 34,43 36,36 38, ,96,,6 4,4 6,46 8,69 3,836 3,98 3,6 37,7 39, ,,7,867,4 7,8 9,339 3,496 33,63 3,8 37,968 4, 48 9,3,73 3,44,6 7,78 9,9 3, 34,89 36,49 38,68 4,798 9,6,83 3,98 6,66 8,348 3,3 3,7 34,893 37,74 39,6 4,437,,33 4,497 6,69 8,88 3,78 33,7 3,466 37,69 39,83 4,47 4,69,77 4,98 7,87 9,393 3,99 33,8 36, 38,6 4,4 4,68 6,3 3,,439 7,67 9,87 3,93 34,3 36,9 38,747 4,96 43,83 8,4 3,64,873 8,3 3,333 3,63 34,793 37,4 39,4 4,484 43,74 6,799 4,4 6,84 8,6 3,768 33, 3,3 37,49 39,738 4,98 44,3 h (m) Figure. Site index curves f Scts pine,8,6,4,, 3

7 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: Table 4. Site quality table f Scts pine Diameter Site quality index (d g =44 cm fr) (d g ) 8,74,86,98 4,3 6,3 8,334 3,346 3,38 34,37 36,38 38,394 Site quality cm,,,3,4,,6,7,8,9 36,686 7,64 9,63,9 3,6,8 7,496 9,46 3,433 33,4 3, ,393 8,37,3,33 4,3 6,9 8,69 3,48 3,8 34,7 36,86 4 7,8 9,48,38 3,8,9 7,9 8,999 3,989 3,98 34,97 36,96 4 7,684 9,68,686 3,687,688 7,689 9,69 3,69 33,693 3,694 37, ,74,86,98 4,3 6,3 8,334 3,346 3,38 34,37 36,38 38, ,83,84,877 4,9 6,9 8,94 3,968 3,99 3,4 37,37 39,6 48 9,37,39 3,4,49 7,49 9,6 3,6 33,94 3,67 37,66 39,69 9,8,9 3,94,989 8,34 3,78 3,3 34,68 36, 38,7 4,3,37,38 4,438 6,493 8,49 3,64 3,66 34,76 36,77 38,87 4,88 4,774,84 4,97 6,973 9,39 3,6 33,7 3,39 37,3 39,37 4,438 6,98 3,7,3 7,43 9,7 3,84 33,66 3,739 37,86 39,893 4,97 8,6 3,689,777 7,86 9,93 3,4 34,3 36,8 38,36 4,394 4,48 6,983 4,8 6,8 8,8 3,379 3,478 34,77 36,677 38,776 4,87 4,974 h (m) ,8,6,4, Figure 6. Site index curves f beech Diameter (d g ) Table. Site quality table f beech Site quality index (d g =44 cm fr) 8,38,336,3 4,94 6,73 8, 3,3 3, 34,89 36,68 38,46 Site quality cm,,,3,4,,6,7,8,9 36,8 7,747 9,684,6 3,7,493 7,43 9,366 3,33 33,39 3, , 8,4,399,346 4,93 6,4 8,88 3,3 3,8 34,9 3, ,9 9,6,74 3,3 4,99 6,947 8,9 3,863 3,8 34,778 36, ,77 9,744,7 3,68,649 7,67 9,8 3,3 33, 3,49 37, ,38,336,3 4,94 6,73 8, 3,3 3, 34,89 36,68 38, ,98,897,887 4,876 6,866 8,8 3,84 3,834 34,84 36,83 38, ,49,49 3,49,49 7,49 9,49 3,49 33,49 3,49 37,49 39,49 9,9,933 3,943,94 7,96 9,97 3,986 33,997 36,7 38,8 4,9,39,4 4,43 6,44 8,47 3,496 3,7 34,39 36,6 38,8 4,6 4,834,866 4,898 6,93 8,96 3,993 33, 3,7 37,89 39, 4, 6,6 3,98,34 7,383 9,46 3,468 33, 3,3 37,9 39,638 4,68 8,67 3,7,763 7,86 9,869 3,9 33,97 36,8 38,8 4,34 4,87 6,39 4,3 6,66 8,3 3,93 3,37 34,4 36,484 38,48 4,6 4,67 3

8 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: 4. DISCUSSION T exist fr a mixed frest stand at any site, all cnditins have t be suitable fr all species. But site cnditins prbably will nt be ptimum fr all species and stand structures and grwths under interrelatins will be different frm pure stands. Therefre, t determine site classes f specieses in mixed stands by using site index curves r tables f pure stands may nt be apprpriate and cnfident. Mrever, scts pine site index tables have been cnstructed fr pure even-aged stands. In spite f site index tables are exist fr uneven-aged stands f Uludağ fir and beech, they are fr pure stands. A cmparisn between site indexes f pure uneven aged stands and mixed uneven aged stands f beech and Uludağ fir are given belw (Table 6). All site class tables have been cnstructed by using Llyd-Hafley s methd. Table 6. Site indexes belngs t Pure beech, beech, Pure Uludağ fir and Uludağ fir Pure beech (fr average diameter f III.diameter) BOD,,,,3,4,,6,7,8,9 Site indexes 9,83,7 3,6,4 7,9 9, 3, 3,88 34,74 36,6 38,46 Beech in Mixed Stands (fr average diameter f III.diameter) BOD,,,,3,4,,6,7,8,9 Site indexes 8,3,33,3 4,9 6,7 8, 3,3 3, 34,8 36,6 38,4 Pure Uludağ fir (fr average diameter f III.diameter) BOD,,,,3,4,,6,7,8,9 Site indexes 9,7,,7 4,,7 7, 3, 3,69 3,69 33,9 34,69 Uludağ fir in mixed stands (fr average diameter f III.diameter) BOD,,,,3,4,,6,7,8,9 Site indexes 7,96,, 4,4 6,4 8,69 3,83 3,98 3, 37,7 39,4 Site indexes f Pure and mixed beech stands have little differences, but site indexes f Uludağ fir have imprtant differences. Scts pine-uludağ fir-beech mixed stands are uneven-aged stands and site classes f these stands can be identified using prepared site class tables. This study will be useful at frest management activities in Znguldak frest territry. T understand these stands adequately, previus studies and this study shuld be supprted with new studies n mixed stands; especially accrding t mixing ratis. REFERENCES Alemdağ, İ.Ş Türkiye de Sarıçam Ormanlarının Kuruluşu, Verim Gücü ve Bu Ormanların İşletilmesinde Takip Edilecek Esaslar, OAE Teknik BÜlten N:, Ankara. Atıcı, E Değişik Yaşlı Dğu Kayını (Fagus rientalis Lipsky.) Ormanlarında Artım Büyüme. Dktra Tezi. İstanbul. Batu, F Değişik Yaşlı Dğu Ladini Meşcerelerinde Kuruluş ve Envanter Srunları. Dçentlik Tezi. K.T.Ü. Orman Fak. 98 pp. Trabzn. Carus, S Aynı Yaşlı Kayın Ormanlarında Artım ve Büyüme, İ.Ü.Fen Bilimleri Enst., Dktra tezi, İstanbul, 39 s. 33

9 Yıl: 7 Cilt:9 Sayı: Caliskan, A Karabük Büyükdüz Araştırma Ormanında Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.)- Göknar (Abies brnmülleriana Matff.)-Kayın (Fagus rientalis Lipsky) Karışık Meşcerelerinde Büyüme İlişkileri ve Gerekli Silvikültürel İlişkiler. İ.Ü. Fen Bil. Ens., Dktra Tezi, İstanbul. Clutter, L.J.; Frtsan, C.J.; Pienaar V. L.; Brister, H. G. and Baisley, L. R. 99. Timber Management- A Quantitive apprach, Kriger Publishing Cmpany, ISBN , Flrida. Dengler, A. 93. Die Ergebnisse Einer Prbeflachenaufnahme im Buchenurwald Albeniens. Ztschr. F. Frst Und Hlzw., 4 s. Eraslan, I. 98. Orman Amenajmanı. İ.Ü.Orman Fak.Yayın N:38, İstanbul. Eraslan, I.; Yüksel, Ş.ve Giray. N Batı Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Kru Ormanlarının Optimal Kuruluşları Hakkında Araştırmalar. Tarım Orman Köy İşleri Bak. Or. Gen. Müd. Yay. Sıra N: 6/ Seri N:8, Ankara. Herrich, A.M Multiple crrelatin in predicting the grwth f managed ak-hichery stands. Jurnal f Frestry. S.8.Mittscherlich, G. 9. Derxtannen-Ficten-(Buchen)-Plenterwald, Schıf. Bad. Frst Versuchssanstalt Nr.8. Llyd, F. T.; Hafley, W. L Precisin and Prbability f Misclassificatin In Site Index Estimatin, Frest Science 3, s Kalıpsız, A. 96. Dğu Kayınında Artım Büyüme Araştırmaları, OGM Yayını 339/7, Ankara. Kapucu, F Dğu Karadeniz bölgesindeki Dğu Ladini (Picea rientalis L. Carr.)-Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.)- Dğu Karadeniz Göknarı (Abies nrdmanniana Spach.) ve Dğu kayını (Fagus rientalis Lipsky) Dğal Karışık Meşcerelerinin Kuruluşları ve Amenajman Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar. KTÜ Fen Bil. Ens., Dçentlik Tezi, 69 s., Trabzn. Saracglu, Ö Değişik yaşlı göknar meşcerelerinde Artım ve Büyüme. Dktra Tezi. İstanbul. 34