RESEARCH. Verimlilik/ Üretkenlik productivity fertility fruitfulness. Korkmak/ Korku/Endişe fear concern worry apprehension

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1 RESEARCH Alan field realm discipline area Kaydetmek record (v) register Verimlilik/ Üretkenlik productivity fertility fruitfulness Kaynak source resource supply Çaba/Girişim attempt effort try endeavour Varlık/ Bulunma existence presence reality Yayınlamak issue (v) release publish Korkmak/ Korku/Endişe fear concern worry apprehension Başarı success (n) achievement accomplishment feat Tedavi etmek treat cure heal Başarısız olmak fail (v) collapse break down Dayanmak date back go back stretch trace Bilimadamı/ Uzman scientist (n) scholar explorer reseracher Çözülmemiş unresolved (adj) not solved not settled Çok küçük tiny microscopic minute very small Zarar vermek Yeterli Sebep/Neden Kaynaklanmak Tehlikeli harm damage hurt impair adequate(adj) sufficient enough satisfactory motive reason cause grounds to be caused by result from stem from originate from derive from arise from dangerous risky unsafe treacherous perilous hazardous Tartışmak debate (v) discuss argue debate (n) discussion Müzakere etmek/ Görüşmek negotiate (v) talk hold talks bargain Bahsetmek/ Bir şeye bağlamak attribute to (v) refer to ascribe to Oluşturmak account for (v) constitute comprise make up form the total of sth Ortak collective common public communal

2 Ayrılmak/ Farklılaşmak differentiate distinguish vary set apart İhtiyaç duymak/ Bağlı olmak need require rely on/upon(v) depend on/upon Miras/Kalıtım inheritance heritage (n) legacy (n) heirship (n) Yenilik yapmak innovate (v) introduce changes /new ideas bring in Yenilik novelty (n) innovation discovery something new Ortaya çıkarmak unearth (v) dig up excavate uncover discover Yaygınlık/Sıklık prevalence commonness frequency regularity universality Tahsis etmek, aktarmak allocate allot distribute Tanımlamak/ Belirlemek identify (v) determine specify establish recognize Kapsamlı/ Detaylı/Karmaşık extensive (adj) wide-spread sophisticated complicated inclusive Kademeli/Yavaşça steadily gradually slowly step by step little by little Yıkma/Yok etme destruction eradication termination elimination devastation Sonuç/Etki consequence outcome result output effect İzlemek/Takip etmek track trace follow pursue pursuit(n) Sonuç/Bulgu result (n) finding outcome effect discovery Kanıt/ Kanıtlamak evidence (n) proof evident(adj) prove (v) establish provide evidence Göstermek/ İşaret etmek indicate (v) show demonstrate illustrate display Onaylamak/ Doğrulamak confirm (v) approve verify ratify validate Onaylama/ Doğrulama confirmation (n) approval verification ratification validation Oluşturmak/ -Den oluşmak consist of comprise be composed of make up sth constitute

3 Tehdit etmek/ Tehlikeye sokmak threaten (v) endanger risk jeopardise put into risk Kabul/Onay acceptance (n) approval agreement admission consent Çağdaş/Modern contemporary modern current present up to date Dikkat çekici/ Çarpıcı remarking striking outstanding notable noteworthy Uygulamak/ Yasalaştırmak put into effect practise put into regulation enact endorse Zayıf/Hassas/ Kırılgan fragile vulnerable weak delicate susceptible Tanımlamak/ Belirlemek identify (v) determine specify establish recognize Kazmak/Çıkarmak unearth (v) dig up excavate uncover discover Kanıtlamak/ Göstermek prove (v) establish show demonstrate indicate Hesaplamak calculate estimate compute figure evaluate Katı/Sert solid firm rigid hard concrete Konu/Sorun/ Mesela matter (n) issue subject topic concern Şüpheci/ Treddütlü sceptic cynic of/about sth (adj) doubtful (adj) hesitating Sürdürmek/ Devam etmek maintain (v) sustain extend prolong keep sth going Çekmek/Küçülmek contract (v) shrink narrow shorten get make smaller Birlik/Dernek/ Kuruluş fellowship (n) association society brotherhood companionship Geliştirmek/ İlerletmek improve(v) enhance advance develop boost mature Araştırmak research on sth search seek - sought scrutinize (v) investigate or scrutiny (n) Olmak/ Meydana getirmek take place happen come about emerge arise appear Sağlamak/ Vermek provide with provision supply with (v,n) deliver (v) give(v) grant(v)

4 Genişletmek/ Büyütmek expand enlarge extend widen expansion(n) Kötüleşmek/ Kötüleştirmek exacerbate worsen aggravate degenerate deteriorate get worse Vazgeçmek/ Bırakmak give up abandon quit stop halt discontinue Zafer/Başarı triumph (n) victory success achievement accomplishment conquest feat İlerleme/ Gelişme improvement progress development advance progression advancement Etkilemek influence affect impact on have an effect on have an impact on act or work upon Salmak emit release give out emission release Katkı sağlamak contribute to(v), provide make a contribution help sth to advance Karşı çıkmak/ Tartışmak oppose (v) disagree dispute argue quarrel fall out Çatışmak/ Tartışmak conflict (v) (with) contrast contradict clash be opposite fight Sınıflandırmak classify (v) into: categorize under group sort arrange systematically Güvenmek/ Bağlı olmak rely on/upon(v) depend on/upon count on trust Kabul etmek/ Razı olmak accept (v) agree approve consent receive acknowledge come to the terms with sth(v) Başarısızlık/ Hayal kırıklığı failure (n) collapse breakdown frustration disappointment lack of success Sonuç çıkarmak/ Sonuç/Çıkarım conclude from (v) deduce from infer from conclusion (n) deduction inference Süren/Devam eden/kesintisiz persistent continuous recurrent on-going non-stop uninterrupted Ekmek plant grow cultivate farm cultivation planting Birikmek/Artmak build up increase rise grow boost intensify İkna edici/ İnandırıcı convincing persuasive compelling satisfying cogent creditable Büyük/Çok substantial considerable tremendous great big large

5 Mantıklı logical acceptable rational reasonable plausible sensible İcat etmek/ Geliştirmek invent (v) devise develop design create discover Derin profound (adj) serious deep fathomless of great depth not superficial Simgelemek/ Anlamına gelmek stand for (v) signify mean represent symbol, symbolize Faydalanmak/ Kullanmak make use of (v) utilize employ exploit benefit from (v) help to be helped

6 HEALTH AND MEDICINE engellemek etki Bağlık olmak değiştirmek Yaygın, salgın prevent stop hinder inhibit obstruct effect influence impact rely on/upon(v) depend on/upon count on replace alter change endemic epidemic pandemic titreme sertlik kusurlu görüş sonuç tremor shaking shiver tremble rigidity inflexibility hardness stiffness defective faulty flawed unhealthy vision eyesight sight view outcome result consequence output belirsiz Yoğun, sert Tanı koymak aşırı artma vague ambiguous unclear implicit severe intense powerful violent diagnose identify determine pinpoint excessive too much exaggerated extreme increase (n) rise growth escalation expansion yaralanma injury wound damage harm Ilaç yazmak prescribe recommend order set down farkındalık awareness consciousness realization mindfulness beklemedik unprecedented unforeseen unexpected unanticipated sağlamak supply with provide with give offer bulaşıcı infectious contagious catching transmissible communicable kötüleşmek worsen aggravate degenerate deteriorate get worse Meydana gelmek occur (v) happen take place arise come about iyileştirici therapeutic healing beneficial curative remedial farklılaşmak vary differ differentiate distinguish set apart

7 bulaştırmak infect pass on..to transmit... infection transmission nakletmek transplant transfer transport move replace aşmak outnumber outpace surpass exceed outrun bağımlılık addiction dependence habit attachment obsession Üstesinden gelmek overcome surmount get over beat defeat Yol, yöntem bitirmek aşama ilgili azaltmak means way method technique by means of deplete use up finish exhaust get through stage phase level period step associated with linked with related to connected to bound to reduce decrease cut down lessen mitigate minimize Kaygı, endişe Zararlı, tehlikeli Muayene bağışık yetersizlik worry tension apprehension distress nervousness fear hazardous harmful detrimental perilous dangerous examination investigation study prospection scrutiny survey immune resistant insusceptible unsusceptible not susceptible to immunity inability incapacity disability inefficiency inadequacy insufficiency Kusur, noksanlık disadvantage (n) drawback shortcoming weakness handicap set-back zararsız harmless benign Yan etki side effect adverse or unwanted secondary effect reaction secondary response iyileştirmek treat cure heal medicate rehabilitate relieve ameliorate yaşamak experience live face confront to be exposed to be subject to undergo

8 incelemek examine investigate go through check up scrutinize survey vet Besin gıda beslenme nutrition(n) food refreshment nourishment sustenance özellik feature characteristic quality property attribute trait specification Tedavi,çare cure healing medication medicine recovery remedy treatment therapy Anlama, algı perception understanding apprehension conception discernment grasp impression insight Tanı koymak, tanı Detection(n) discovery find finding detect(v) notice diagnose identify büyük massive huge vast immense giant enormous gigantic tremendous Yetersizlik, yetersiz Deficiency(n) inadequacy insufficiency absence of lack of deficit inadequate(adj) insufficient Sebep olmak trigger(v) cause lead to bring about give rise to result in produce generate Belirti, işaret symptom sign signal evidence indication indicator mark syndrome warning Süren, kalıcı chronic incessant never-ending constant continuous fixed incurable lifelong persistent Kalırtımsal, doğuştan hereditary inherited genetic congenital inborn maternal paternal innate inherent hastalık illness disease affliction ailment ill health infirmity malady sickness infection disorder Tedavi edilemez ölümcül incurable malignant cureless deadly fatal inoperable irrecoverable irremediable irreparable terminal Yetersiz beslenme Kötü beslenme malnutrition malnourishment

9 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY süreç process procedure altyapı substructure infrastructure kanıtlamak prove (v) establish provide evidence yoğunlaşmak condense (v) concentrate (v) condensation(n) Kabuk, yer kabuğu crust cover shell gömülü başarı sürdürmek yankılanmak erimek embedded implanted inserted success (n) achievement accomplishment feat maintain sustain persist in echo cry out melt dissolve smelt thaw Belirli, özel madde Bağlı olmak Çatlak, kırık sağlamak particular certain specific matter substance stuff compound rely on/upon(v) depend on/upon need require fracture crack fragment rupture supply provide give offer güvenirlik credibility dependability reliability trustworthiness güvenilir credible dependable reliable trustworthy Dış exterior external iç interior internal yeterli adequate (adj) sufficient enough satisfactory geciktirmek retard hold sb/sth up delay set back suçlu Culprit Reasonable for guilty gözlemek observe watch screen monitor view Zehirli, ölümcül toxic (adj) poisonous deadly lethal Çaba, girişim endeavour (n) attempt effort try Baş etmek Ele almak approach tackle deal with handle

10 Rastgele alışmak dönüş sağlamak koruma random haphazard arbitrary accidental acclimate get used to adapt adjust rotation revolving turning circling ensure (v) make sure make certain guarantee preservation conservation protection saving kuvvetli gerçek gerçek sınıflandırma Ara, boşluk forceful strong powerful mighty fact truth reality actuality factual real true actual classification categorization sorting order interval gap period space vazgeçmek abandon quit give up abort tehlikeli dangerous risky unsafe treacherous farklılaşmak differentiate distinguish vary set apart geçerli valid legitimate solid applicable Var olmak exist to be found occur existence (n) presence (n) Açlıktan ölmek, açlık starve (v) starvation (n) hunger(n) famine (n) Güç, kuvvet force strength power might strengthen (v) Rakım,yükseklik altitude elevation height latitude (n) sıklık frequency regularity occurrence frequent regular genişletmek expand enlarge extend widen buharlaşmak vapour evaporate vaporise steam vapour çarpmak impact crash collide with bump into collision Araç, gereç machinery gear kit equipment tools Yol, yöntem means way method technique by means of bitirmek deplete use up finish exhaust get through

11 Harcamak, tüketmek Consume(v) expend consumption(n) expenditure expense Artış, yükseliş increase (n) rise growth escalation expansion Akmak, akış Flow(v) circulate circulation(n) flow run Yok etme destruction eradication termination elimination devastation izlemek track trace follow pursue pursuit(n) Kademeli, yavaşca Sonsuz, sınırsız -den oluşmak Katı, sert belirlemek gradually slowly steadily step by step little by little endless boundless infinite unlimited eternal consist of comprise be composed of make up st constitute solid firm rigid hard concrete determine identify specify decide settle Fark etmek realize notice discover recognize realization(n) Devam etmek continue keep ving go on proceed carry on ving uyarmak alert awaken warn caution notify Yoğunluk, yoğun Intensity(n) density intensiveness intense(adj) intensive dense engellemek obstruct hinder hamper block handicap hold back Anlayış, kavrama insight understanding conception comprehension grasp discernment Araç, cihaz device instrument gizmo utensil gadget mechanism korumak protect (v) conserve preserve secure defend guard desteklemek fund sponsor finance subsidize back up support etkilemek Influence(v) impact affect influence(n) effect impact Zararlı, tehlikeli hazardous harmful detrimental perilous Araç, cihaz device instrument gizmo utensil gadget mechanism Merak, meraklı Inquisitiveness(n) curiosity interest inquisitive(adj) curious interested başlatmak ignite trigger launch initiate introduce bring in Ikna edici convincing persuasive compelling satisfying cogent creditable

12 Tutarlı, sabit consistent steady stable tutarsız unsteady unstable inconsistent belirsiz unclear confusing uncertain implicit opaque unresolved Kesmek, bırakmak cease(v) give up stop abandon quit discontinue zor difficult hard challenging demanding taxing tough dönmek rotate turn around circle go around orbit spin revolve kullanmak benefit from make use of utilize exploit employ take advantage of Zayıflık, noksanlık disadvantage (n) drawback shortcoming weakness handicap set-back Anlayış, kavrama insight understanding conception comprehension grasp discernment Yaklaşım, tavır approach way style manner attitude benimsemek Adopt(v) embrace accept adoption(n) embracing acceptance sıkılaştırmak tighten stretch gevşetmek relax loose release free mantıklı reasonable logical rational practical acceptable plausible Ilişki, bağ relation connection relationship correlation link association kapsamlı comprehensive extensive far-reaching large-scale wide-ranging sophisticated complicated Beslemek, besin nourish (v) nurture (v) nutrient (n) nourishment (n) nutrition (n) nutrious (adj) nourishing (adj) içermek contain (v) include cover involve take in encompass embrace sınıflandırmak classify (v) sth into: categorize under group sort arrange systematically engel obstruction barrier barricade hurdle obstacle hindrance impediment Belirsizlik, belirsiz Vagueness(n) ambiguity uncertainty vague(adj) ambiguous unclear implicit Çatışma, anlaşmazlık paradox disagreement conflict contradiction discrepancy opposition inconsistency

13 özellik feature characteristic quality property attribute trait specification yaşamak experience live face confront to be exposed to to be subject to undergo Üretmek, yapmak produce (v) make do generate create build form Icat etmek, üretmek invent devise create formulate design engineer fabricate anlamak Comprehend(v) understand take in grasp perceive tuhaf strange odd weird bizarre peculiar uncanny abnormal Sonsuz, sınırsız endless boundless infinite unlimited eternal vast immense dönüştürmek transform (v) convert change turn into alter shift adapt Açık, belirli clear explicit express lucid apparent obvious evident transparent arttırmak boost (v) enhance improve raise increase augment intensify Değelendirmek, değerlendirme Evaluation(n) assessment appraisal evaluate(v) assess appraise judgement Ilgili, bağlantılı related to associated with connected with linked unified interrelated interconnected Ayrı, farklı separate distinct distinctive different various single individual Oran, oransal Rate(n) ration proportion scale proportional(adj) relative comparative solumak inhale exhale breath respire inhalation(n) exhalation respiration breathing büyük massive huge vast immense giant enormous gigantic tremendous değiştirmek change (v) alter shift adapt tailor and vary adjust modify Yok etmek destroy eradicate wipe out terminate eliminate devastate abolish annihilate Sebep olmak, trigger(v) cause lead to bring about give rise to result in pave the way for Nafile, boşuna futile useless pointless ineffective fruitless inefficient vain in vain

14 HUMAN SOCIETY İlgi İçgüdü Sezgi Vazgeçirmek Baskı yapmak interest attention notice Instinct reflex drive instinctive(adj) natural intuition intuitive Dissuade deter discourage dishearten repress suppress subjugate crush Kürtaj Abortion düşük yapma miscarriage Açı/Yön aspect side respect feature Önyargı/ Ayrımcılık prejudice bias discrimination preconception Önyargılı prejudiced against biased against partial intolerant discriminatory Grev yapmak strike go on strike protest Davranmak Davranış Engelliler Engel Koruma/Gözetim behave treat act conduct behaviour treatment action deed manner the disabled the handicapped the impaired disability handicap impairment supervision protection guardianship care Kentsel urban city metropolitan Kırsal rural rustic country pastoral Yalnızlık solitude isolation loneliness seclusion segragation Kızgınlık anger annoyance irritation Kızgın annoyed irritated Rekabet competition race rivalry Uyumlu compatible with well-matched matching harmonious fitting consistent Batıl inanç superstitious superstition paranormal Denemek attempt to do try to do intent to endeavour seek İstifa etmek Resign leave quit resignation

15 İfade etmek express state articulate utter convey, say Mülk sahibi landlord property-owner proprietor Arzu/Hırs ambition dream aspiration drive determination Yetişkin adult mature grown-up Yabancı alien stranger unfamiliar foreigner Ücret/Maaş Ödeme Mesai Yaklaşmak Sebep/Neden wage salary pay income revenue returns earnings profits overwork extra work overtime work approach come near turn to motive reason cause grounds Dikkat etmek Dikkat/Önem Sağlamak Varoş Baş etmek pay attention mind (ving) care care attention concentration supply provide give offer deliver suburbs the outskirts environs ghetto cope with tackle with deal with handle Boşanma/Ayrılma divorce break-up split-up separation İsteksiz reluctant to to be unwilling hesitant unenthusiastic to reluctance(n) Desteklemek favour support back up assist supporters Başarmak succeed in (ving) achieve accomplish manage to do sth Rekabet etmek compete with race rival against challenge Hakaret etmek insult offend abuse offence (n) Etkileşim kurmak/ İşbirliği yapmak interact interaction cooperate cooperation(n) Sonuç/Etki result effect outcome consequence Zengin prosperous wealthy rich affluent well-off Din religion faith theology dyne

16 Tanrı deity god goddess the lord İşsiz unemployed jobless out of work redundant Emekli olmak retire retirement withdraw retreat Ahlak/Erdem morality virtue ethics morals Devlet/ Hükümet state country government administration Yönetici manager administrator supervisor executive Gurur Pride proud of Kibir arrogance arrogant of Kaygı/Endişe concern worry anxiety apprehension fear Değerlendirmek judge appraise evaluate assess estimate Değerlendirme judgement appraisal evaluation assessment estimation Kurum/Kuruluş organization institution foundation establishment association Konu/Mesele matter (n) issue subject topic concern Boşanmak/ Ayrılmak divorce break up with split up with separate from get divorced Şefkat/Sevgi affection closeness liking love tenderness fondness İletişim kurmak communicate with be in touch contact interact keep in touch Sürdürmek persist in continue carry on go on keep on Miras/ Kalıtım legacy inheritance heritage heirship bequest Önlem almak/ Harekete geçmek take action take steps take precautions take measures act İlişki/Bağlantı Bağ relation connection relationship correlation link association Tartışmak/ Kavga etmek quarrel argue with fall out fight argument

17 Reddetme/ Karşı çıkma opposition resistance denial refusal defiance Güvence vermek/ Garanti etmek assure ensure insure make sure guarantee Farkında awareness to be aware of consciousness conscious of realization of Bağımlı/ Tiryaki addicted to hooked on addiction dependence on habit Zenginlik prosperity wealth fortune riches affluence İbadet etmek pray worship praise adore fast Sigorta insure insurance life assurance cover coverage Tüketmek/ Bitirmek deplete exhaust use sth up get through sth depletion İşe almak employ hire recruit assign sign up Kurum/ Kuruluş organization institution foundation establishment association Ciddi/ Önemli serious important weighty grave significant severe acute Kayıtsız/ Duyarsız indifferent to unconcerned with apathetic to insensitive to untouched by Kişi/Birey person individual character soul entity Hakimiyet/ Egemenlik sovereignty dominion domination rule reign İş arkadaşı partner associate co-worker collaborator workmate Kaygılı/ Endişeli concerned worried nervous anxious apprehensive fearful Toplum/ Medeniyet society the public community population the Nation civilization Anlamak/ Kavramak understanding insight comprehension grasp perception conception Önyargısız/ Tarafsız unbiased against unprejudiced objective impartial neutral fair Tereddüt etmek/ Şüphe duymak doubt to be in doubt hesitate to be uncertain unsure about dubious

18 Kaygılı/Endişeli concerned worried nervous anxious apprehensive fearful Teşvik etmek/ Desteklemek encourage hearten give support foster promote support Çözmek work out resolve solve settle sort out figure out Yanlış anlama misunderstanding delusion misconception fallacy illusion misinterpretation Anlayış understanding insight comprehension grasp perception conception Farklılaşmak/ Ayrılmak differ in/from vary distinguish be different differentiate range from to set apart Hiçe saymak/ Göz ardı etmek ignore disregard overlook neglect be indifferent to take no notice Yol/Yöntem way method technique means process system Kötüye davranmak/ Kötüye kullanmak maltreat mistreat misuse abuse maltreatment mistreatment İstekli/Hevesli to be eager to to be willing to enthusiastic about keen zealous eagerness(n) willingness volunteer Israr etmek Hedef/Amaç Belirlemek Kıskanç Utanç/Utanma insist on persist press urge keen on Ving keen to V1 target goal objective aim purpose intention determine identify specify establish set recognize envy envious of jealousy jealous of açgözlü greed greedy for shame embarrassment humiliation shameful(adj) embarrassed humiliated Korumak/ Muhafaza etmek Conserve(v) preserve maintain conservation(n) preservation maintenance Reddetmek reject deny refuse decline turn down defy Talep etmek/ İstemek demand request claim desire wish temptation Karşı çıkmak/ Reddetmek oppose resist reject deny refuse decline turn down Sakınmak/ Kaçınmak/ Önlemek avoid evade keep away stay away shun prevent avert

19 Azarlamak rebuke scold reprimand reprove reproach Benimsemek/ Kabul etmek Adopt(v) embrace accept adoption(n) embracing acceptance Yokluğu/ Kıtlığı lack of absence of shortage shortfall deficiency in scarcity rareness Açlık/Yokluk/ Yoksulluk poverty famine starvation insufficiency lack poorness scarcity shortage Yetersizlik inability incapacity disability inefficiency inadequacy insufficiency Dinsel/Kutsal religious devotional sacred spiritual holy ritual Harcamak Expend(v) consume spend expenditure(n) spending consumption Ev/Konut residence dwelling house home shelter abode Yapmak/ Gerçekleştirmek fulfil perform carry out execute conduct implement İş/Meslek labour work employment career profession occupation Bölge area region part zone neighbourhood district province Ortaklaşa/ Ortak collective common combined public communal joint cooperative Kovmak fire dismiss lay smb off sack make redundant discharge expel discard Fikir/Düşünce opinion view idea notion thought consideration sense İnanç/Sezgi conception concept belief impression outlook intuition intuitive

20 Karşı çıkmak/ Reddetmek oppose resist reject deny refuse decline turn down Çocuk child kid youngster toddler junior kardeş sibling bebek infant Yol açmak/ Sebep olmak lead to cause bring about trigger engender give rise to result in Kalıtımsal/ Doğuştan hereditary inherited inborn innate inherent natural native Özellik trait feature characteristic quality property attribute specification Meyilli olmak Genç/ergen Tavır/Davranış Kötü davranmak Kıtlık/Açlık tend to intend to prone to inclined to tendency(n) inclination intention teenager adolescent youth behaviour treatment attitude action Maltreat(v) mistreat misuse abuse maltreatment(n) mistreatment misuse ill-treatment abuse poverty famine insufficiency lack poorness scarcity shortage starvation Nüfus/Yaşayanlar Suç/Hata/Hatalı population community dwellers natives people public residents society Guilt(n) blame error failing fault wrong(adj) guilty faulty erroneous

21 WAR AND PEACE Tehdit/Uyarı Çatışmak Karşılaşmak İç savaş Ateşkes threat menace warning conflict (v) battle fight conflict (n) confrontation (n) confront (v) challenge oppose come across face civil war domestic warfare intestine war cease fire truce armistice settlement Ajanlık/ İstihbarat espionage spying intelligence Savaş ilan etmek declare war announce war on/against Misilleme yapmak retaliate react strike/hit back Pusuya düşürmek ambush entrap trap (v,n) Savaş alanı outcome result consequence output Yasalaştırmak enact endorse legislate ratify Uygulamaya koymak put into effect practise put into regulation Yaralı casualty wounded injured Vatansever patriot loyalist partisan Ticaret/Takas exchange trade commerce business barter Devirmek overthrow depose bring down topple oust dethrone Taraf/Eş party side counterpart equivalent Müzakere/ Pazarlık etmek negotiate with negotiation hold talks bargain Rütbe rank position grade level status title Silah/Cephane weapon arm armament firearm ammunition İkili/Karşılıklı mutual reciprocal dual joint shared Belirlemek set specify determine stipulate Aşmak/Geçmek outnumber outpace surpass exceed outstrip top beat İsyan riot uprising unrest insurrection rebellion Patlak vermek break out outbreak (n) erupt (v) start begin develop (v)

22 İttifak ally alliance with league coalition Başlatmak launch initiate start commence Kuşatmak besiege (v) siege (n) blockage (v,n) surround (v) Katliam/Katletmek massacre (v,n) genocide slaughter (v,n) holocaust Sürdürmek maintain sustain preserve keep in existence Sömürmek/ Sömürgeleştirmek exploit colonize exploitation (n) colonization (n) Kötüleştirmek/ Kötüleşmek deteriorate degenerate get worse weaken Kale fortress castle fort stronghold Şartlar/Koşullar conditions terms terms and conditions Kabul etmek/ Tanımak recognize accept approve legally Çatışma/ Tartışma conflict opposition disagreement dispute controversy Hakimiyet/ Egemenlik dominance domination hegemony sovereignty autonomy Teslim olmak surrender give in give lay down one s arms Esir almak take prisoner capture take hostage arrest catch Saldırı/ Akın offensive attack assault raid İttifak kurmak/ İşbirliği yapmak make alliance cooperate with collaborate with cooperation collaboration Tehdit etmek/ Tehlikeye sokma threaten (v) endanger risk jeopardise put into risk Onaylamak approve confirm ratify verify certify İlerlemek advance head move forward proceed march Serbest bırakmak release free let smb go liberate set smb free Patlak vermek break out outbreak (n) erupt (v) eruption (v) develop (v) Kullanmak exploit use make use of utilize employ harness Saldırı/Akın raid attack invasion storm assault offensive Sert biçimde/ Büyük oranda drastically severely radically considerably substantially Hakim olmak/ Yönetmek dominate control rule govern reign

23 Reddetmek refuse reject deny decline turn down Yoketmek eliminate eradicate exterminate wipe out destroy Güvensizlik/ Şüphe distrust suspicion cynicism disbelief scepticism Güçlendirmek strengthen reinforce fortify bolster strength(n) reinforcement(n) Yok etme demolition annihilation eradication destruction devastation İstemek/Talep etmek demand call for sth request claim appeal Temsilci/ Delegasyon delegation Messenger representative envoy ambassador Çözüm solution key way out resolution remedy Kabul/Onay agreement approval consent acceptance concurrence Onaylama/ Doğrulama verification approval confirmation ratification certification Onaylamak verify approve confirm ratify certify Toplanmak assemble meet gather come together convene Zafer/ Başarı Victory feat triumph success achievement Çatışmak/ Tartışmak conflict oppose disagree quarrel fight Hedef/ Amaç target aim objective goal purpose Çözmek solve resolve settle figure out sort out work out İsyan etmek rebel against (v) rise against (v) revolt against (v) uprising (n) upheaval (n) revolt (n) rebellion Yönetmek administer (v) reign (v,n) rule (v,n) govern (v) government (n) manage (v) Düşman/ Düşmanlık hostility hostile antagonism animosity antipathy enmity enemy Katletmek/ Katliam massacre (v,n) genocide slaughter (v,n) holocaust murder Düşman/ Rakip enemy opponent rival adversary foe Sağlamak/Vermek provide with supply with (v,n) deliver (v) give (v) grant (v) provision Geri çekilmek retreat withdraw pull smb/sth out hold back withdrawal (n) Yapmak carry out conduct perform implement fulfil execute Suikast düzenlemek/ Öldürmek assassination murder killing assassinate kill

24 Direnmek/ Karşı koymak resist resistance oppose opposition struggle (v,n) fight against Yokluğu/Kıtlığı lack of absence of shortage shortfall deficiency in scarcity Enkaz/ Yıkıntı wreck wreckage debris ruins remains Getirmek/ Başlatmak bring in introduce launch initiate start commence Meydana gelmek/ortaya çıkmak emerge arise appear come about take place happen come up Koruma/ Koruyucu protection protective defence defensive preservation security Tarafsız impartial objective unbiased unprejudiced fair neutral Toplantı/ Oturum meeting conference session summit gathering assembly Savaş/Çatışma war battle conflict fighting combat warfare military campaign Bitirmek deplete use sth up exhaust get through sth Saldırmak/Saldırı Korumak Sebep olmak Uygulamak Mağlup etmek attack (v,n) assault (v,n) strike (v,n) charge (v,n) storm assail offensive protect defend guard preserve conserve secure shelter lead to cause bring about trigger engender give rise to result in enforce apply to impose put into effect practise enforcement defeat (v,n) beat (v) overcome (v) vanquish (v) rout (v) prevail overwhelm Kabul etmek agree approve accept consent concur come to terms welcome Ordu/Asker/ Birlik army military armed forces troops soldiers militia legion quarters Mağlup etmek defeat (v,n) beat (v) overcome (v) vanquish (v) prevail over/against overwhelm crush İlerlemek advance head move forward proceed march forward movement progress Azalmak/ Düşmek diminish decline leşsen fall drop decrease mitigate

25 Uzlaşmak/Uzlaşı Antlaşma compromise consensus accord pact agreement deal treaty settlement Kurmak/Kuruluş establish form set up found establishment introduction formation foundation constitution Yürürlükten kaldırmak/yok etmek abolish put an end terminate demolish annihilate eradicate wipe out destroy İşgal etmek invade occupy annex conquer seize capture take invasion occupation annexation conquest

26 HISTORY Tarih şeridi Orta çağ Tahta çıkarmak Üstün Ünvan timeline timetable medieval time middle age Enthrone crown Supreme highest superior to Title name label Dönüm noktası Karmaşık Sürgün etmek Dayanmak Varoluş milestone (n) landmark turning point decisive moment complicated complex intricate difficult exile deport expel banish date back go back stretch trace existence presence reality Kötüleşmek İlk Mezar çöküş Ortaya çıkış deteriorate worsen degenerate degrade first (adj) intial orginal earlier primary grave (n) tomb (n) mausoleum (n) fall collapse ruin breakdown emergence rise advent appearance Aramak seek look for search Sürmek last continue extend carry on keep on Yerleşmek settle move into inhabit Kabul etmek recognize accept approve legally Kötüleşmek deteriorate worsen degenerate Hanedanlık dynastyhynastic Süresince in the course of throughout during through Çağ, dönem age (n) era epoch Etki effect (n) impact influence Tek sole only mere Muhafaza etmek preserve conserve protect save maintain Düşüş decline (n) drop fall decrease Dağıtmak distribute give out spread allocate scatter Düzenlemek regulate (v) control supervise regulation Yasaklamak ban forbid prohibit bar

27 Esir almak take prisoner capture arrest catch Yaymak, dağıtmak spread (v) extend scatter distribute Değiştirme adjustment (n) transformation conversion (n) modification (n) Toplum community society civilization tribe Atfetmek attribute to (v) refer to (v) Ara, boşluk Sanat eseri Antik, eski Korumak Keşfetmek gap (n) interval hiatus span artefact artifact (n) work of art relic ancient (adj) antique historic archaic preserve conserve protect save discover explore find out learn Katkı yapmak contribute to (v) provide make a contribution help sth to advance Ünlü olmak to be famous for to be notable for kötü ünlü olmak to be notorious for to be infamous for Yaymak, dağıtmak spread (v) extend scatter distribute İlerlemek progress mature (v) develop (v) proceed Gelişmek evolve from (v) develop from evolution (n) development Yönetmek dominate control rule govern reign Hakimet dominance domination hegemony sovereignty autonomy Kazmak excavate (v) dig out unearth excavation Toplanmak assemble meet gather come together convene Miras heritage (n) legacy (n) heirship (n) inherit (v) inheritance (n) Efsane myth legend anonymity mystery tale Kurmak establish set up form found open İlerleme development advancement progress advance progression Devirmek overthrow depose bring smb down oust topplu Devlet state country government administration

28 Kurma establishment introduction formation foundation constitution Meydana gelmek occur (v) happen take place arise come about Serbest bırakmak release free let smb go liberate set smb free Ortaya çıkmak appear (v) emerge originate come into being Yıkıntı kalıntı remains ruins remnants relic residue rubble Genişletmek Geri çekilmek Kapsamlı, geniş Yaşamak Büyük enlarge (v) expand (v) widen (v) extend (v) extension (n) expansion (n) withdraw retreat pull smb/sth out hold back retreat withdrawal (n) comprehensive detailed through extensive full broad experience undergo go through live suffer be exposed to substantial considerable great big large Yaşayan Dönüştürmek Göstermek İlkel İnsan İnsan/İnsanlık inhabitant (n) resident (n) dweller (n) citizen native occupant turn into transform (v) change convert alter (v) adapt indicate show demonstrate illustrate point out pose display crude boorish man early man primitive man caveman primeval man human being (n) humanity (n) homo sapiens (n) manhood (n) man mankind (n) Saldırı raid attack assault strike charge storm offensive Düşmek decline drop fall diminish decrease come down Ata/Ecdat ancestor (n) predecessor (n) antecedent (n) forefathers forebears predecease(v) İsyan etmek rebel against (v) rebellion rise against (v) uprising (n) upheaval (n) revolt (n) revolt against (v) Var olmak exist (v) to be found occur live be present existence presence Safha, aşama stage (n) phase level step round leg Soylu nobel (adj) royal regal Karal, hükümdar crown (n) king (n) ruler queen monarch sovereign Yönetmek rule (v) administer (v) reign (v) govern (v) manage (v) reign (n) rule (n) government (n) Yok olmak disappear (v) become extinct vanish (v) fade away (v) go extinct disappearance extinction

29 Kurgusal fictional (adj) fictitious imaginary unreal not real not existed virtual Halef successor (n) followers heir (n) descendant (n) Selef predecessor forefathers ancestors Soyundan gelmek descend from (v) come from derive from run down descendant (n) Yaşamak, yaşayan inhabit (v) inhabitant (n) reside (v) resident (n) dwell (v) dweller (n) citizen native occupant Savaş, çatışma war battle warfare conflict fighting combat military campaign Bulmak, çözmek detect (v) to discover find out decipher decode Ortaya çıkmak emerge appear originate arise to come into being (v) to come into existence appearance emergence Tasvir etmek, tasvir depict (v) picture (v) describe (v) portray (v) represent (v) illustrate (v) depiction (n) description (n) representation illustration (n) İlkel, ilk, eski primitive (adj) ancient original archaic earliest old primal primary primeval simple İşgal etmek Ele geçirmek conquer invade occupy annex seize capture take Tekrar eden,süren türemek değiştimek Sürmek recurrent (adj) ongoing persistent continuous non-stop uninterrupted derive from (v) originate from develop from come from source (n) derivation (n) origin (n) beginning birth root transform (v) change convert turn into alter modify adapt shift (v) adjust (v) transformation conversion (n) modifacation (n) adjustment (n) Tekrar etmek recur (v) persist in go continue

30 NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT Emmek Beslemek Çekim kuvveti Salmak Salınım soak up absorb suck take in nourish (v) nurture feed gravity magnitude emit release give out discharge emission release discharge secretion Yaşanılabilir habitable liveable hospitable inhabitable Yaşamaya elverişsiz uninhabitable inhospitable hostile barren Yağış precipitation rainfall Kırsal rural rustic country pastoral Kentsel urban city metropolitan Üreme/Çoğalma breeding reproduction proliferation procreation generation Yavru offspring children babies progeny progenies Klonlamak/ Kopyalamak clone duplicate copy reproduce Akmak flow run stream pour Akıntı current flow circulation stream drift Nehir river stream canal Patlamak erupt explode blast blow up go off Evrim/Dönüşüm evolution transformation mutation alteration conversion change Kaynak source resource supply reserves stocks Donmak freeze cool chill Gözlem observation monitoring surveillance screening Gözlemlemek monitor (v) view observe screen Yörünge orbit course path track Miktar quantity amount supply volume Felaket catastrophe disaster calamity tragedy

31 Kirletmek pollute contaminate dirty infest Kirlilik pollution contamination spoiling Kesmek chop down cut cut down Savaşmak combat fight struggle against battle Dünya dışı extra-terrestrial celestial outer space heavenly Kabuk/ Yerkabuğu crust Shell covering coating Çeşitlilik diversity variety unlikeness difference assortment Hayatta kalmak survive live endure keep living Yok olma extinction disappearance dying out death loss Volkanik patlama volcanic outburst eruption explosion outburst Ormansızlaştırma Sel Erimek Kaynaklanmak Tehlikeli deforestation clear-cutting desertification erosion flood torrent deluge tsunami melt dissolve thaw defrost to be caused by result from stem from originate from derive from arise from dangerous risky unsafe treacherous perilious Nemli humid damp moist wet Nem humidity damp moisture mugginess wetness Işın/ Güneş ışını ray beam sunbeam Tepe/Bozkır hill moor highlands foothill Toplum/ Topluluk society community population the public Doğa/ Vahşi yaşam wildlife nature the wild natural world Canlı alive living live animate Zarar vermek harm damage hurt impair weaken spoil Doğa wildlife nature vegetation bitki örtüsü flora (bitki) fauna(hayvan) Tehdit/ Tehlike threat menace danger risk hazard peril

32 Tabaka/ Katman plate layer cover stratum strata Çarpışmak collide with crash impact strike hit Göç etmek migrate immigrate emigrate leave move out Tehdit etmek/ Tehlikeye sokmak threaten endanger risk jeopardise put into risk imperil Besin nutrition food refreshment nourishment sustenance Zirve peak summit pinnacle high point zenith top acme Manzara landscape view scenery panorama scene Çekinik recessive dormant inactive latent regressive Kış uykusuna yatmak hibernate lie dormant sleep hibernation dormancy Yok etme destruction eradication termination elimination devastation obliteration annihilation Etkilenmek/ Etki influence impact affect influence effect Kuraklık drought dryness aridity dearth scarcity Meydana gelmek occur (v) happen take place arise come about Kurak/Verimsiz arid dry waterless infertile unproductive barren Azaltmak reduce decrease cut down lessen mitigate minimize Örnek/Numune specimen example sample exemplification sampling species Korumak/ Muhafaza Etmek protect (v) conserve preserve secure defend guard safeguard Oluşturmak/ -den oluşmak consist of comprise be composed of make up sth constitute include encompass Yükseklik altitude elevation height elevate (v) latitude (n) Arıtmak/ Temizlemek purify filter refine cleanse decontaminate

33 Buharlaşmak/ Buhar vapour evaporate vaporise steam evaporation Yoğunluk/ Sıklık intensity density frequency occurrence Bağımlı olmak/ Bağlı olmak depend on rely on count on be dependent on be reliant on/upon Maruz kalmak to be exposed to to be subjected to undergo experience go through Verimli/ Üretken fertile fruitful productive prolific rich lush Yaşam alanı habitat territory home environment eco system dwelling Toprak soil earth mud ground clay landslide Ekmek plant grow sow cultivate farm cultivation(n) planting Hakim dominant powerful strong controlling commanding influential Çeşitli/Farklı diverse various varied assorted miscellaneous heterogeneous Doğurmak/ Üremek breed produce reproduce bear give birth proliferate Tehlike altında endangered at risk to be threatened in danger vulnerable to in jeopardy Birikmek/Artmak build up increase rise grow boost intensify Deprem/Sarsıntı earthquake quake trembling tremor jolt vibration Engellemek obstruct hinder hamper block handicap hold back Sınıflandırmak divide into classify into categorize under group sort Korumak protect defend guard preserve conserve secure shelter Tür/Çeşit species class variety breed group sort type Özellik feature characteristic quality property attribute trait specification Değişmek/ Evrim geçirmek evolve transform convert change mutate turn to/into develop from

34 Sebep olmak lead to cause bring about trigger engender give rise to result in Değiştirmek/ Değişmek change (v) alter shift adapt adjust modify transform convert Yok olmak disappear (v) become extinct vanish (v) fade away go extinct die out disappearance(n) extinction Çiftleşmek/ Üremek mate pair couple copulate breed propagate mating(n) copulation Yerli/Yaşayan native (n) local national inhabitant (n) resident (n) dweller (n) citizen occupant Yok etmek destroy eradicate wipe out terminate eliminate devastate abolish annihilate Zayıf/ Savunmasız vulnerable to susceptible to fragile weak open to sth helpless defenceless prone to İçermek contain (v) include cover involve take in encompass embrace incorporate Yaşayanlar inhabitant (n) resident (n) dweller (n) citizen occupant native (n) local national Engel obstruction barrier barricade hurdle obstacle hindrance impediment Kapsamlı/ Detay comprehensive extensive far-reaching large-scale wide-ranging sophisticated complicated Üretmek/ Yapmak produce (v) make do generate create build form Bölge/Alan region area part zone neighbourhood district territory terrain Oluşmak/ Ortaya çıkmak form develop originate emerge come into existence come into being appear arise Tehlike altında endangered to be threatened open to sth at risk in danger vulnerable to helpless in jeopardy defenceless