Gelir Dağılımı ve Yoksulluk

Transkript

1 19 Decembre 2014

2 Gini-coefficient of inequality: This is the most commonly used measure of inequality. The coefficient varies between 0, which reflects complete equality and 1, which indicates complete inequality (one person has all the income or consumption, all others have none). Graphically, the Gini coefficient can be easily represented by the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality. On the figure to the right, the Lorenz curve maps the cumulative income share on the vertical axis against the distribution of the population on the horizontal axis. In this example, 40 percent of the population obtains around 20 percent of total income. If each individual had the same income, or total equality, the income distribution curve would be the straight line in the graph? the line of total equality. The Gini coefficient is calculated as the area A divided by the sum of areas A and B. If income is distributed completely equally, then the Lorenz curve and the line of total equality are merged and the Gini coefficient is zero. If one individual receives all the income, the Lorenz curve would pass through the points (0,0), (100,0) and (100,100), and the surfaces A and B would be similar, leading to a value of one for the Gini-coefficient.

3 It is sometimes argued that one of the disadvantages of the Gini coefficient is that it is not additive across groups, i.e. the total Gini of a society is not equal to the sum of the Ginis for its sub-groups.

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7 Hanehalki Butce Anketi

8 Farklı Gelir Türlerinin Yüzdelik Gelir Gruplarındaki Oranı

9 Eşdeğer hanehalkı kullanılabilir gelire göre sıralı yüzde 20 lik gruplar ve gelir türlerine göre yıllık gelirin dağılımı (Dikey %) (Türkiye)

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12 Sosyal Yardimlar Kapsayaci mi? Eşdeğer hanehalkı kullanılabilir gelire göre sıralı yüzde 20 lik gruplar ve gelir türlerine göre yıllık gelirin dağılımı (Yatay %) (Türkiye)

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16 Sosyal Yardimlar Kapsayaci mi? Eşdeğer hanehalkı kullanılabilir gelire göre sıralı yüzde 20 lik gruplar ve gelir türlerine göre yıllık gelirin dağılımı (Yatay %) (Türkiye)

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28 Goreli Yoksulluk Cizgisi(Relative poverty lines): These are defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country; for example, the poverty line could be set at 50 percent of the country s mean income or consumption. Mutlak Yoksulluk Cizgisi (Absolute poverty lines): These are anchored in some absolute standard of what households should be able to count on in order to meet their basic needs. For monetary measures, these absolute poverty lines are often based on estimates of the cost of basic food needs (i.e., the cost a nutritional basket considered minimal for the healthy survival of a typical family), to which a provision is added for non-food needs. For developing countries, considering the fact that large shares of the population survive with the bare minimum or less, it is often more relevant to rely on an absolute rather than a relative poverty line. Different methods have been used in the literature to define absolute poverty lines (see Deaton 1997, Ravallion and Bidani 1994, and Ravallion 1994).

29 The food-energy intake method defines the poverty line by finding the consumption expenditures or income level at which a person s typical food energy intake is just sufficient to meet a predetermined food energy requirement. If applied to different regions within the same country, the underlying food consumption pattern of the population group just consuming the necessary nutrient amounts will vary. This method can thus yield differentials in poverty lines in excess of the cost-of-living differential facing the poor. The Cost of Basic Needs method values an explicit bundle of foods typically consumed by the poor at local prices first. To this, a specific allowance for nonfood goods, consistent with spending by the poor, is added. However defined, poverty lines will always have a high arbitrary element; for example, the calorie threshold underlying both methods might be assumed to vary with age.

30 When estimating monetary measures of poverty, one may have a choice between using income or consumption as the indicator of well-being. Most analysts argue that provided the information on consumption obtained from a household survey is detailed enough, consumption will be a better indicator for poverty measurement than income for the following reasons:

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34 TÜİK, bugüne kadar harcamaya dayalı farklı yöntemlerin kullanıldığı yoksulluk hesaplamaları yapmıştır. Bunlardan göreli yoksulluk, bireylerin ortalama refah düzeyinin belli bir oranının altında olması durumu olarak tanımlanmakta olup, bu tanıma göre, toplumun genel düzeyine göre belli bir sınırın altında gelir veya harcamaya sahip olan birey veya hanehalkı göreli anlamda yoksul sayılmaktadır. Refah ölçüsü olarak amaca göre harcama veya gelir düzeyi seçilebilir. Hanehalkı bütçe araştırmasında eşdeğer kişi başına tüketim harcaması medyan değerinin %50 si göreli yoksulluk sınırı olarak? tanımlanarak göreli yoksulluk oranı hesaplanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, harcama yerine eşdeğer fert başına düşen (eşdeğer hanehalkı kullanılabilir) gelirleri kullanılarak, eşdeğer hanehalkı kullanılabilir gelir medyan değerine göre belirlenen çeşitli göreli yoksulluk sınırları (%40, %50, % 60 veya % 70) hesaplanmıştır.

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