Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Fatih University 2008
Civilacademy Cilt/Volume 6 Say /Issue 2 Yaz/Summer 2008 Sahibi / Owner Sosyal Bilimler Toplulu u / Social Sciences Society Genel Koordinatör / General Coordinator Ertu rul Gündo an Editör / Editor Zehra fiaml o lu Yard mc Editörler / Co-editors G.Neslihan Demir, Sinem Atakul Yay n Kurulu / Editorial Board Ömer Akkaya, Rejhan Useini, Özdemir Teke Bask / Printed in: Elma Bas m 0212 697 30 30 letiflim Adresi / Correspondence Address Sosyal Bilimler Toplulu u Fatih Üniversitesi Büyükçekmece Kampüsü 34500 Büyükçekmece/ stanbul Tel: + 90 212 866 33 00 Web: www..com E-mail: @gmail.com
Dan flma ve Hakem Kurulu/Advisory Board * Abdülkadir Civan (Fatih Univ.), Ali Murat Yel (Fatih Üniv.), Ali Yaflar Sar bay (Uluda Üniv.), Alpaslan Aç kgenç (Fatih Univ.), Atilla Girgin (Marmara Ünv.), Bedriye Saraço lu (Gazi Üniv.), Berdal Aral (Fatih Univ), Elif Ekin Akflit (Ankara Ünv.), Erdo an Keskink l ç (Fatih Üniv.), Ertu rul Gündo an (Fatih Üniv.), Ferda Keskin (Bilgi Üniv.), Fuat Keyman (Koç Üniv.), Gökhan Bac k (Fatih Üniv.), Hüseyin Ifl ksal (Keele Üniv.), dil Ifl k (Fatih Üniv.), rfan Erdo an (Gazi Üniv.), Kemal Karpat (Wisconsin Üniv.), Kemal Özden (Fatih Üniv.), Kevin J. McGinley (Fatih Üniv.), Mehmet pflirli (Fatih Üniv.), Mete Tunçay (Bilgi Üniv.), Metin Boflnak (Girne Amerikan Üniv), Mümtaz er Türköne (Gazi Üniv.), Nihat Solako lu (Bilkent Üniv.), Nizamettin Bayyurt (Fatih Üniv.), N. Gökhan Torlak (Fatih Üniv.), Ömer Çaha (Fatih Üniv.), Ralph J. Poole (Salzburg Üniv.), Recep fientürk (FatihÜniv) Savafl Genç (Fatih Üniv.), Selami Sezgin (Pamukkale Ünv.), Sezai Coflkun (Fatih Üniv.), fiammas Salur (Fatih Üniv.), fiengül Çelik(Fatih Üniv.), fiükran Esen (Marmara Üniv.), Talip Küçükcan ( SAM), Visam Mansur (Fatih Üniv.), Yasin Aktay (Selçuk Üniv.), Y lmaz Özakp nar (Fatih Üniv.) ngilizce Redaktörler/English Redactors Betty and Barrie Eichhorn Türkçe Redaktörler/ Turkish Redactors Esra Öner, Melek Çakar, Hümeyra Yuva, Sahre Güzel Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (ISSN 1304-9119) y lda üç defa yay nlan r. Journal of Social Sciences (ISSN 1304-9119) is published three times in a year periodically. Civilacademy Dergisi Gale Cengage Learning taraf ndan indekslenmektedir. Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences is indexed in Gale Cengage Learning. * sme göre alfabetik olarak s ralanm flt r. Listed alphabetically by name.
çindekiler/contents Editör ün Notu / Editor s Note I Aims and Scope II Amaç ve Kapsam III Guide for Authors IV Yazara Notlar VI fiengül ÇEL K Hume s Conventional Justice For the Sake of Society (Hume un Toplum için 'Gelenekçi Adaleti') 1 smail ÖZSOY - Muharrem YILDIZ Kafkasya n n Kültür Tarihine Bir Bak fl (A Glance at the Cultural History of Caucasia) 11
Taptuk Emre ERKOÇ ktisat Metodolojisine Elefltirel Bir Katk : ktisat Kuram nda Pozitivizm ve Postmodernizm (A Critique on Methodology of Economics: ''Pozitivism and Postmodernism in Economic Theory'') 27 Osman ÇET N Dinsel Kimli in Siyaset ile liflkisi: Alevi Kimli i Örne i (The Relation of Religious Identity to Politics: The Case of Alevi Identity ) 35 S d ka YILMAZ Parrhesias ve Duygusal Zekâ Kavramlar n Gazetecilik Eti i Ba lam nda Yeniden Düflünmek (Reunderstanding of the Concept Parrhesia and Emotional Feelings in Journalism Ethic Aspect) 55 lker ÖZCAN Three Poets and the Issue of Relating Past to the Present (Üç fiair ve Geçmifli Bugünle liflkiledirme Meselesi) 65 M. Akif ÖZER Ö renme Sürecinde Yeni Vizyon Aray fllar (New Vision Seekings in Learning Process) 73 M. Zeki DUMAN Modernite nin Ölümsüzlük Stratejisi (The Strategy of Immortality of Modernity) 97
Michelangelo GUIDA II. Meflrutiyet Dönemindeki slâmc l k Düflüncesi ve Buna Bir Örnek Teflkil Etmesi Aç s ndan Said Halim Pafla (Said Halim Pacha and the Islamist Thought in the Second Constitutional Era) 109 Muzaffer Ercan YILMAZ Etnik Çat flmalarda Güç Kullan m (The Usage of Force in Ethnic Conflicts) 119 M. Lütfullah KARAMAN Revisiting Liberal Corporatism in Western Democracies: Couple of Decades-Back Historical Travelling (Bat Demokrasilerinde Yaflanm fl 'Liberal' Korporatizmi Yeniden Hat rlamak: Geride Kalan Yüzy l n Son Çeyre ine Uzanan Bir Tarih Yolculu u) 137 Savafl GENÇ Lizbon Antlaflmas Daha Yönetilebilir Bir Avrupa Birli i Vaad Ediyor Mu? (Does the Treaty of Lisbon Promise a More Manageable European Union?) 161 Berdal ARAL The Failed Promise of UN Sanctions (BM Yapt r mlar n n fllemeyen Vaatleri) 179 Ahmet ARABACI Avrupa Birli i nde Göçmen Lobisinin Siyasal Eylemleri (Political Activities of Immigration Lobbies at the European Union) 191
ED TÖR ÜN NOTU EDITOR S NOTE Hey say s yla akademik camiada ç tas - n bir kat daha yükselten Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Yaz 2008 say s yla akademik literatürdeki yerini al yor. ki y ld r büyük bir keyifle sürdürmüfl oldu um yay n kurulundaki görevim Yaz 2008 say s ndan itibaren editörlük görevini üstlenmemle bambaflka bir boyut al yor. Beni bu göreve lay k gören Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi genel koordinatörüne ve yay n kurulundaki arkadafllar ma; bizden desteklerini esirgemeyen Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Toplulu u üyelerine, fakülte yönetimi ve akademisyenlerine ve derginin bugüne ulaflmas nda yo un emek harcam fl benden önceki editör arkadafllar ma içten teflekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Yaz 2008 say s n n akademik çal flmalara yön vermesi temennisiyle Zehra fiaml o lu I It is a great pleasure to introduce you with the Summer 2008 issue of Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences. Since its first publication the journal has been increasing its standards and occupies a very special place in academia. With its qualified articles from sociology to international relations, literature and philosophy, I hope that this issue will shed light on academic studies. With the issue of Summer 2008 my editorship takes a start in Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences. It is a great honour for me to have this duty, and I hope I will carry on it as succesfully as before. I would like to kindly thank to our general coordinator, the stuff of Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences for nominating me to the duty; the members of Civilacademy Social Sciences Society for their immediate helps; the administration and faculty for their guidance, and my special thanks go to the previous editors for their invaluable studies in Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences. Zehra fiaml o lu
AIMS AND SCOPE Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences is a peer reviewed interdisciplinary bilingual printed journal (both Turkish and English) -so as to reach out to a wider audience and attain greater interaction among our readers- devoted to the pursuit of knowledge and continuing inquiry into the ways in which human communities form and work together. The Journal is a student-based publication sponsored by Fatih University. Papers deal with all aspects of social systems, from interpersonal to international. It is committed to the improvement of practice, extension of knowledge and promotion of communications in very broad fields of social sciences. While it publishes original research, theoretical papers, review articles, notes and discussions on social work theory and practice, and new developments in social sciences fields as are responses to published articles and reviews. The journal covers the fields of politics, international relations, management, economy, law, public administration, communication, anthropology, folklore, history, religion, sociology, literature (theory and criticism), media reviews (books, film, video, performance, art, music, drama, melodrama, etc.), linguistic, psychology, philosophy, media studies, women s or gender studies, cultural studies, workingclass studies, ethnic studies as well as book reviews on recent publications. The aim of Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences is to provide an intellectual platform for social-scientific studies, a platform in which research in alternative paradigms for social inquiry could be jointly presented and debated and is to publish conceptual, research, and/or case based works that can be of practical value to business persons, educators, students, researches, specialists and advocates within the social science and beyond. Facilitating a productive dialogue among the researchers of different persuasions, the Journal seeks to promote an interdiscursive exchange over the issues of theoretical, practical, and historical importance, and to stimulate research that explores the weaknesses and strengths of different paradigms in dealing with the rich array of problems, puzzles, and complexities in political, economic, social, literal and visional processes. We accept articles based on congruence with the purpose of the Journal, importance of the contribution to existing literature, conceptual and written clarity, and sound methods. The editorial board encourages research that draws upon conventional as well as non-conventional wisdom in studying social-scientific questions, and that offers new and innovative perspectives and interpretations on issues that are appropriate for the scope of the journal. The research submitted for publication could be theoretical or empirical in nature. The editorial policy maintains, as a central principle of scientific pluralism, a respect for the incommensurable differences among alternative paradigms, and does not impose any interparadigmatic standard on the methods or contents of the articles, but requires that the submitted research meets the internal standards of its own paradigm. Manuscripts submitted to Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences may not be published elsewhere except with written consent of the Journal. We accept only original papers (not published or accepted for publication elsewhere). Submissions, which must be in both Turkish and English, are refereed anonymously. The Journal is published three times in a year. II
AMAÇ VE KAPSAM Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, bilgiyi aramaya insan topluluklar n n oluflumu ve devam n sorgulamaya adanm fl, disiplinler aras, hakemli bir dergidir. Daha genifl bir okuyucu kitlesine sahip olmak ve okuyucular m z aras nda daha büyük bir etkileflim yaratmak amac yla bütün çal flmalar hem Türkçe hem ngilizce olarak de erlendirilir ve ayn say da birlikte yay nlan r. Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Fatih Üniversitesi sponsorlu unda Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Tolulu u taraf ndan ç kar lan bir dergidir. Çal flmalar insanlar aras ndan uluslar aras na kadar bütün sosyal sistemlerle ilgilenir. Sosyal bilimlerin genifl alanlar nda prati in gelifltirilmesine, bilginin geniflletilmesine ve iletiflimin yükseltilmesine hizmet eder. Özgün araflt rmalar, teorik çal flmalar, inceleme yaz lar, sosyal çal flma teori ve prati i üzerine notlar ve tart flmalar ve sosyal bilimler alanlar nda yeni geliflmeleri basmas yla birlikte yay mlanan makale ve incelemelere cevaben yaz lan çal flmalar da yay mlar. Dergi politika, uluslararas iliflkiler, iflletme, ekonomi, kamu yönetimi, iletiflim, antropoloji, halk bilimi, tarih, din, sosyoloji, edebiyat, psikoloji, felsefe, medya çal flmalar, kad n araflt rmalar, kültürel araflt rmalar, iflçi s n f çal flmalar ve etnik çal flmalar alanlar nda çal flmalar yay mlar. Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi nin amac sosyal sorgulamadaki alternatif paradigmalar n ayn anda hem sunulup hem tart flmaya aç labilece i bir sosyo-bilimsel platform oluflturmak ve ifl insanlar, e itimciler, ö renciler, araflt rmac lar ve uzmanlar için de erli olabilecek teorik ve pratik çal flmalar sunmakt r. Dergi, farkl düflüncelerden araflt rmac lar aras nda üretken bir diyalogu kolaylaflt rarak, teorik, pratik ve tarihi önemi olan konular üzerinde bir interdiscursive al flverifli ve politik, ekonomik, sosyal, edebi ve görsel süreçlerdeki genifl ölçekli problemleri, sorunlar ve karmafl kl klar çözmedeki farkl paradigmalar n eksilerini ve art lar n keflfeden araflt rmalar teflvik etmeyi amaçlar. Derginin amaçlar ile uyun olan, var olan edebiyata katk sa laman n önemine, kavramsal ve yaz l anlafl l rl a-berrakl a ve metotlara uygunlu a dayanan makaleler yay nlanmak üzere kabul edilmektedir. Dergi yay n kurulu, sosyo-bilimsel sorunlar üzerinde çal fl rken geleneksel ilmin yan nda geleneksel olmayan ve yeni ve yenilikçi bak fl aç lar n ve yorumlar teflvik ederek derginin amaçlar do rultusunda uygun olan konularda yap lan araflt rmalar desteklemektedir. Yay nlanmak üzere sunulan araflt rmalar, teorik veya ampirik olabilir. Yay n politikas, bilimsel ço ulculu un ana prensibini, alternatif paradigmalar aras nda k yaslanamaz farkl l klara sayg y savunmakta ve herhangi paradigmalar aras standartlar n metot veya makalelerin içeri inde oldu unu savunmaktad r fakat yay nlanmak üzere sunulan makalelerin dâhili standartlar n kendi paradigmas içerisinde bar nd rmas gereklidir. Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi ne gönderilen makaleler, derginin kabul edilen yaz lar haricinde baflka bir yerde yay nlanmaz. Yay n kurulu, baflka bir yerde yay nlanmam fl veya yay nlanmak üzere kabul edilmemifl olan sadece orijinal yaz lar kabul etmektedir. Türkçe ve ngilizce olarak gönderilen makaleler isimsiz olarak hakem taraf ndan incelenmektedir. Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, y lda üç kere yay nlan r. III
GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 3. The first page of the manuscript should contain: Civilacademy Journal of Social Science accepts submissions for an open topics issue. We seek fresh, critical approaches in interdisciplinary fields, as well as studies that reflect new directions. Submission is open to the general public. As a social science journal, Civilacademy Journal of Social Science includes especially essays on politics, international relations, management, economy, public administration, communication, anthropology, folklore, history, religion, sociology, literature, psychology, philosophy, media studies, women's or gender studies, cultural studies, working-class studies, ethnic studies but the fields are not limited. Civilacademy Journal of Social Science is a student-based publication sponsored by Fatih University. The Journal is published three times once in every four months by "Civilacademy Social Sciences Society". Articles are examined by referees before they are published. The editors of the journal together with the referees decide whether to publish a certain article or not. The ideas belong to the authors and they do not reflect the opinions and the policy of Civilacademy Social Sciences Group. a. the title b. the name(s) and institutional affiliation(s) of the author(s) c. the address, telephone and fax numbers (as well as the e-mail address) of the corresponding author. d. an abstract; Turkish articles with English abstracts and English articles with Turkish abstracts. 4. Manuscripts should be double spaced, with wide margins, and typed on one side of the paper only. Equations and symbols should be typed as well. 5. Main headings should be typed in capitals and centered on the page; secondary headings should start flush at the left margin and be typed in small letters with major words capitalized. Lower level leads should be in the form of paragraph headings with only the initial word capitalized followed by a period and then the text on the same line. Dividing manuscripts into more than three levels of subheadings should be avoided. 1. Papers should be in both Turkish and English. 6. Figures and tables should be numbered consecutively and printed on separate sheets. 2. Papers that are submitted to Civilacademy Journal of Social Sciences for publication should not be under review at other journals. 7. Notes should be used to cite references. Any notes to supplement discussion in the text should be numbered consecutively and placed at the end of the paper under the IV
heading "Notes, References or Bibliography". 8. References should be listed at the end of the main text in alphabetical order. They should be cross-referenced in the text. In the list of references please give all information in the language of reference. Reference to a publication should be made in the text by citing the name of the author and the year of publication. a. When the name of the author is used in the text, only indicate the date in parentheses, e.g., "Crozier (1964) ". b. When the name of the author does not appear in the text, include in parentheses both the name of the author and the year of publication separated with comma. If more than one publication is cited, the authors' names should appear in alphabetical order and be separated by semicolons, e.g., " `(Mintzberg, 1983; Preffer and Slanc k, 1978) ". c. When a publication has more than two authors, cite only the name of the first author, followed by "et al.," e.g., " (Christensen et al., 1985) ". d. In all cases, if page numbers are to be given, indicate them following the year of publication separated by a colon, e.g., " Thompson (1967:34) ". Articles: Swart, Koenraad W. (1962). ""Individualism" in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1826-1860)". Journal of the History of Ideas 23 (1): 77-90. Chapters in Books: Eagleton, Terry. "Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Reception Theory". Literary Theory: An Introduction. London: Blackwell Publishers, 1996: 47-78. Translations: Jauss, Hans-Robert. Aesthetic Experience and Literary Hermeneutics. Trans. Michael Shaw. Introd. Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1982. Encyclopedic Resources: Anarchism. The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. Online Resources: Godwin, William. (2006). In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 7, 2006, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/ebc /article- 9037183 The following examples show the convention to be observed in References: Books: Berg, Maggie. Jane Eyre: Portrait of a Life. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987. Presentations: Gioia, D.A., Brass, D.J. and Sims, H.P., Jr. (1981). "The Creative Use of Short-Cycle Video-Tape Technology: From Single Student to Large Lecture Learning". Paper presented at the 8th Annual Organizational Behavior Teaching Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, (June). V
YAZARA NOTLAR Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi'nin her say s serbest konuludur. Civilacademy Dergisi, disiplinler aras konularda yeni ve elefltirel yaklafl mlara, yeni yönelimleri yans tan çal flmalar kapsayan konulara ve son ç kan kitaplar hakk nda yaz lm fl olan kitap tan t mlar na aç kt r. Makale gönderimi kamuya aç kt r. Bir sosyal bilim dergisi olarak, Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi özellikle politika, uluslararas iliflkiler, iflletme, ekonomi, kamu yönetimi, iletiflim, antropoloji, halk bilimi, tarih, din, sosyoloji, edebiyat, psikoloji, felsefe, medya araflt rmalar, kad n araflt rmalar, kültürel araflt rmalar, iflçi s n f çal flmalar ve etnik çal flmalar konular nda makaleleri içerir ancak konu alanlar bunlarla s n rl de ildir. Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Fatih Üniversitesi sponsorlu unda ç kar lan bir ö renci dergisidir. Dergi Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Tolulu u taraf ndan dört ayda bir olmak üzere y lda üç kez ç kar l r. Makaleler yay mlanmadan önce hakemler taraf ndan incelenir. Derginin editörleri bir yaz n n yay mlan p yay mlanmayaca na hakemlerle birlikte karar verir. Çal flmalardaki fikirler yazar na aittir ve bunlar Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Toplulu u'nun görüfl ve fikirlerini yans tmaz. 2) Civilacademy Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi'ne yay mlanmak için verilen çal flmalar daha önce baflka bir yerde yay nlanmam fl olmal d r. 3) Makalelerin ilk sayfas nda; a) bafll k, b) yazar(lar) n ve ba l olunan kurum(lar) n ad(lar), c) yazar(lar) n adresi, telefon ve faks numaralar ve e-posta adresi, d) bir özet (Türkçe çal flmalar ngilizce özetle, ngilizce çal flmalarsa Türkçe özetle) bulunmal d r. 4) Makaleler A4 kâ d n tek yüzüne yaz lm fl olmak kayd yla, genifl kenarl kl ve çift sat r aral kl olarak sunulmal d r. Ayr ca, formüller ve semboller de matbaa harfleriyle yaz lmal d r. 5) Ana bafll klar ortalanm fl olarak büyük harflerle, yan bafll klar sola yaslanm fl olarak -sadece önemli kelimeler büyük harfle olmak kayd yla- küçük harflerle yaz lmal d r. Alt bafll klar paragraf bafll fleklinde büyük harfle italik olarak yaz lmal ve alt bafll k metinle ayn sat r hizas nda olmal d r. Metinleri, üçten fazla alt bafll a bölmekten kaç n lmal d r. 6) fiemalar ve tablolar art arda numaraland r lmal ve ayr kâ tlara bas lmal d r. 1) Makaleler hem ngilizce hem Türkçe olabilir. 7) Al nt lar, referans olarak belirtilmelidir. Yaz da tart fl lan her al nt s ras yla "Notlar, Kaynakça veya Bibliyografi" bafll - alt nda verilmelidir. VI
8) At flar (referanslar) çal flman n sonunda alfabetik olarak s ralanmal d r. Al nt - lar kitapta bak lmas gereken yeri gösteren bir notla birlikte bulunmal d r. At flar listesinde lütfen bütün bilgiyi at fla ayn dilde veriniz. Bir yay na metinde at f yazar n ad ve yay n n yay mlanma tarihi verilerek yap lmal d r. a. E er yazar n ad metinde geçiyorsa sadece yay mlanma tarihini parantez içine yaz n z. Örnek: "Crozier (1964)" b. E er yazar n ad metinde geçmiyorsa parantez içinde virgülle ayr lm fl olarak hem yazar n ad n hem de yay n n yay mlanma tarihini yaz n z. E er birden fazla yay - na at fta bulunuluyorsa yazar isimleri alfabetik s rayla yer almal ve isimler birbirlerinden noktal virgülle ayr lmal d r. Örnek: "(Mintzberg, 1983; Preffer and Slanc k, 1978)" c. E er bir yay n ikiden fazla yazar taraf ndan yay mlanm flsa sadece ilk yazar n ad n "ve di erleri" ifadesinden önce yaz n z. Örnek: "(Christen ve di erleri, 1985)" d. Her durumda da e er sayfa numaralar verilecekse, sayfa numaralar n yay n n yay mlanma tarihinden sonra iki nokta üst üste koyup belirtiniz. Örnek: "Thompson; 1967:34)" Referanslar afla da örnekleri verilen format fleklinde olmal d r: Kitaplar: Berg, Maggie. Jane Eyre: Portrait of a Life. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987. Makaleler: Swart, Koenraad W. (1962). " 'Individualism' in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1826-1860)". Journal of the History of Ideas 23 (1): 77-90. Kitaptan Bölümler: Eagleton, Terry. "Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Reception Theory". Literary Theory: An Introduction. London: Blackwell Publishers, 1996: 47-78. Çeviriler: Jauss, Hans-Robert. Aesthetic Experience and Literary Hermeneutics. Çeviri. Michael Shaw. Introd. Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1982. Ansiklopedik Bilgiler: Anarchism. The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. nternet kaynaklar : Godwin, William. (2006). In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Son güncelleme Aral k 7, 2006, Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/ebc /article- 9037183 Sunumlar: Gioia, D.A., Brass, D.J. ve Sims, H.P., Jr. (1981). "The Creative Use of Short-Cycle Video-Tape Technology: From Single Student to Large Lecture Learning". Sunum Geleneksel 8. Organizesel Davran fl Ö retimi Konferans nda yap lm flt r.boston, Massachusetts, (Haziran). VII
HUME S CONVENTIONAL JUSTICE FOR THE SAKE OF SOCIETY 2 Hume un Toplum için Gelenekçi Adaleti fiengül ÇEL K * ÖZET David Hume sempati sistemini iflletecek kiflisel ç kardan baflka bir do al duygu bulamad için do al duygular n sosyal davran fllar üzerindeki rolünden çok bahsetmemifl sistemini yapay erdemler üzerine kurmufltur. Bu ba lamda insan do as n n iyi oldu unu varsaymak daha tutarl görünmektedir. Ancak o bütün vurgusunu mülkiyet hakk ve kiflisel ç kar üzerine yapm flt r. Bu tutum özellikle büyük toplumlar oluflturmada temel ilkedir. Bu çal flmada Hume un bu yaklafl m n n kendi do al ahlak ilkeleri ile tutars zl klar oluflturdu u gösterilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: David Hume, adalet, yapay erdemler, toplumun boyutu. ABSTRACT David Hume eliminates the role of natural passion in the sympathy system in creating social behaviour since he cannot find a natural passion which can start the process without selfinterest. In this respect the acceptance of innate goodness appears more plausible as the basis for forming a society. Only goodness can play a vital role in transforming self-interest into a starting point of attaining a society. Conventional justice is an adaptation of the individual virtue of justice. This paper principally examines the inconsistencies of Humean system developing the artificial virtue of justice that is useful for the well-being of society. Key Words: David Hume, justice, artificial virtues, the size of society. Girifl Conventional justice is an adaptation of the individual virtue of justice. Hume explicates justice in terms of property. According to his view, the thought of making secure one s own property causes one to respect other s property and this gives birth to the individual virtue of justice. However, it is not clear why this individual virtue commands the respect for other people s property in a 2 Çelik, fiengül. The Role of Human Nature in Hume s Ethics. Doktora Tezi. Orta-do u Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara. 2008. Prof. Dr. Ahmet nam dan flmanl nda yap lan doktora tezinden faydalan lm flt r. * Yrd. Doç. Dr. Felsefe Bölümü. Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi. Fatih Üniversitesi. stanbul, scelik@fatih.edu.tr 1
fiengül ÇEL K society. Let us consider two different situations which raise some problems when considering the general maxims of Hume s whole system. The first one is about paying money back to a seditious bigot and the other is the role of education in his system. Justice in terms of society According to Hume, a just person pays money back to the man he borrowed money from, even when that man is a seditious bigot who is, in fact, neither useful to the self nor society. Here Hume is aware of the insufficiency of his notion of natural sentiments and he tries to rectify this. The natural virtues of benevolence and prudence while effective in a small society are not enough by themselves to start the process of sympathy in a large society. Justice is a very significant virtue in most moral systems, yet with Hume, it should work within the bounds of the system of sympathy. Thus he utilizes artificial virtues. Before introducing artificial virtues Hume describes how natural virtues work in a small society without any obstacle. (THN, 3, 501) He claims such natural virtues as benevolence and prudence, are adequate to engender just acts regarding each other s property in primitive societies since people know and love each other. Hume believes that in small societies people are more sensitive towards an unjust act. These kinds of acts can be easily seen and would be punished. According to him, our passions are not enough to control us above our interests especially in large societies. (THN, 3, 495-496) Each person has the idea of interest and a natural passion of love to the interest. There is no way to control this love of interest except by changing the direction of the love itself. We can give up some of our interests for the sake of other greater interests of ours. Therefore, he shows how humans willingly choose self-control for greater interests. He says: Now this alteration must necessarily take place upon the least reflection; since tis evident, that the passion is much better satisfy d by its restraint, than by its liberty, and that in preserving society, we make much greater advances in the acquiring possessions, than in the solitary and forlorn condition, which must follow upon violence and an universal licence. (THN, 3, 492) However there is always the alternative path of reaching power by not respecting the property of others. This is an attractive and sufficient probability for the seduction of a person by his liberty. Moreover, the stress here about virtues is from external societal effects not from human nature. Hume has an implicit supposition that the violation of the property of others will always be attacked by other members of society. However, if people have neither good nor bad character as Hume supposes, they would prefer to be silent in a situation where there is neither utility nor harm for them. Defining justice as a natural virtue or admitting the goodness of 2
human beings would solve this problem. If we accept justice as a natural virtue or the innate goodness of human nature, it becomes easy to explain assisting people in need, whether it benefits one or not. This explanation is more consistent than Hume s reliance on prudence. Furthermore, if an unjust person has a position of power then even in a small community, it is possible for them to perform unjust acts with impunity. Hume counters such possibilities via his notion of the force of interested affection. Shaping justice with the size of society Hume claims that in a small society where people know and love each other, people rarely tend to do unjust acts. His assumption about the size of society is, I think, a different version of the problem which was demonstrated in one of the famous thought experiment of Plato: Gyges Ring. This thought experiment was put forth by Glaucon in Plato s famous work Republic. Glaucon claims that people act through the fear of punishment. He imagines two magic rings which cause invisibility. According to his claim, when one of these rings is worn by a just person and the other is worn by an unjust person, the behaviour of both will be the same: they will both steal, and they will both kill, as it is fear of social compulsion (a kind of social artifice) that makes people just. With Hume s Adam there is no magic ring of Gyges per se. However, in Hume, a society of a certain size is equivalent to a magic ring. In a small society -one without a magic ring -Adam is aware that any attempt at a criminal or unjust act is not prudent since he knows this will not go unnoticed, and so he chooses honesty and justice as his policy. In the case of a large society the chance of an injustice being noticed is significantly reduced -in other words, there is a magic ring -and according to Hume, Adam will take the opportunity afforded by this and act unjustly. From this we can see that Hume believes that humans act honestly through artificial virtues and not natural or innate ones. However, what is Hume s justification for believing that whatever causes justice in a small society is not the same as that which causes justice in a large society? His answer is that the former is natural and the latter artificial. This runs contrary to the usual Humean practice of using a single natural example as the basis for a generalisation or maxim. It is telling that Hume does not delineate just what size a society needs to be for this invisibility factor to come into play. In fact, the size is only determined as that in which such invisibility does occur -this is an instance of circular logic. If it is our natural sentiments which prevent injustice in one society, it should be same in another. On the contrary, Hume thinks in a small group people know and love each other. People have strong ties and good feelings. The friendship and benevolent feelings which they have towards each other will prevent 3