YÖKdil & YDS AÇISINDAN TENSES SORU ÇÖZÜM TEKNİKLERİ

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1 1 YÖKdil & YDS AÇISINDAN TENSES SORU ÇÖZÜM TEKNİKLERİ Tense soruları YDS ve YÖKdil sınavlarında en sık sorulan gramer konusudur. Tense belli kurallara bağlı bir konu olduğundan bu konunun soruları bu kuralları iyi bilip uygulayarak rahatlıkla çözülebilir. PRESENT SIMPLE ( Do, Does, Verb1 - Am,Is,Are + Noun, Adjective ) It snows in winter. It doesn't snow in winter. She is hungry. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (am, is, are Verb ing) The earth is turning at the moment. PRESENT PERFECT (have,has + Verb3 ) The sun has disappeared; now it is night. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (have, has + been + Verb ing) It has been raining for three weeks PAST SIMPLE (Did, Didn't, Verb 2 - Was, Were + Noun, Adjective) It snowed a lot last winter. It didn't snow last winter. I was hungry. PAST CONTINUOUS (Was, Were + Verb ing ) We were leaving the house when the phone rang. PAST PERFECT (Had + Verb 3 ) I had lived in New York before I lived in Holywood. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Had + been + Verb ing) FUTURE SIMPLE ( Will + Verb1 ) She will join the meeting. FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Will + Be + Verb ing ) I will be waiting for you. FUTURE PERFECT ( Will + Have + Verb 3) My lecturer will have finished the check of my thesis by next Tuesday. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Will + Have + Been + Verb ing )

2 2 HANGİ TENSE'LER YANYANA GELİR? Tense konusu belli kurallardan oluştuğu için bir cümle içerisinde birbirine bağlanan zamanlar birbiriyle uyumlu olmalıdır. Bu açıdan bir şıkta bize verilen iki tense yapısı (çok nasir istisnalar hariç) mutlaka uyumlu olmalıdır. Sınavlarda sıklıkla karşımıza çıkan ikili kullanılan tense'ler ise şu şekildedir; PRESENT PERFECT Past Simple, Present Continuous, Present Simple, Modals, Future tense, Present Perfect PAST SIMPLE Present Perfect, would,could Verb-1, Present Simple, Past Perfect, (Çok nadir Present Continuous), Modals, Past Continuous PRESENT SIMPLE Future tense, Past Simple, Present Perfect, Modals, Present Continuous, Future Tense, Present Simple Buradaki bilgiler bugüne kadar çıkmış olan yaklaşık 250 adet çıkmış soru analiz ederek çıkarılmıştır.

3 3 SINAVLARDA ÇIKMIŞ SORULARDAN ÇIKAN TEKNİKLER? Tense sorularında WOULD HAVE VERB 3 çeldirici olarak kullanılır; (Soru içinde if, unless, but for, without...vs; ifadeleri yoksa) yani soru direk olarak bir tense sorusu ise bugüne kadar WOULD HAVE VERB 3 tamamen çeldirici olarak kullanılmıştır. Tense sorularında WOULD/COULD VERB 1 bugüne kadar yalnızca PAST SIMPLE bir yapıyla birlikte kullanılmıştır; He said he would join...(katılacağını söyledi)... Birbiriyle uzak zaman dilimlerini içeren tense'ler (Past perfect, Future) yanyana gelmez. İki Past Perfect tense yan yana gelmez. Ara cümlelerde ( The cellphone, which had appeared before 2000 in the US, is very common.. ) tense yapı uyumuna bakılmaz ara cümlede iki virgül arasında kullanılan ifadeler ana cümleyi gramer anlamında etkilemez. Zamanın öncesinde gelen (İtibariyle, gelindiğinde,...e kadar) anlamlarıyla çevrilen BY ifadesi eğer gelecek bir zamanda kullanılıyorsa ( BY NEXT TUESDAY...) Future Perfect Tense (Will have verb3) ile; geçmiş bir zamanla kullanılıyor ise (BY 1977) Past Perfect (Had Verb3) yapısıyla kulanılır. SO FAR( şu ana kadar), RECENTLY (Son zamanlarda) OVER THE LAST (Son... larda,..da) FOR A LONG TIME (Uzun zamandır) FOR YEARS (Yıllardır) ifadeleri Present Perfect tense'le kullanılır. OVER the last ifadesinden sonra bir past ifade gelirse örneğin; Over the last winter...bu yapı Past Simple yapıda kullanılır. UNTIL RECENTLY (Son zamanlara kadar), Geçmişte nokta bir zaman (In 1996), Geçmiş zamanı hatırlatan tarihi figürler (Thomas Edison, Atatürk...) Past Simple tense'le birlikte kullanılır. TENSE SORULARINDA Past Perfect tense (Had Verb3) yanına yalnız Past Simple veya Past Continuous yapı almaktadır. Date back, Go back to, Date from, Trace back to; kelimeleri tarih olarak...ya dayanmak anlamında PRESENT SIMPLE yapıda kullanılır bu kelimelerin kullanıldığı cümleler ne kadar past ile ilişkili olsa bile Türkçede olduğu şekliyle İngilizcede Present yapıyla kullanılır. Cümle içerisinde bizi geçmiş veya geleceğe götüren net bir zaman ifadesi yoksa cevap yüksek ihtimalle PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT tense, bu şıklar yoksa Past Simple tense'tir. NOW ifadesi normalde Present bir yapıyla kullanılırken; For seven years now, By now ; Until now, till now, Up to now ifadesi Present Perfect yapısıyla kulanılır. That year, that moment, Those years, Those moments ifadeli Past Simple yapıda kullanılır.

4 4 SINAV MANTIĞI AÇISINDAN PASSIVE VOICE YAPISI Türkçe'deki edilgen yapıya karşılık gelen Passive Voice yapısı TO BE ( Am, is, are, was, were, be, been) ve (VERB 3 ) ifadelerinin birleşmesiyle oluşturulan yapıdır. Pasif yapı kendisinden sonra çoğunlukla iki yapı alır bunlar; BY + NOUN veya TO + VERB 1 yapılarıdır. The letter was sent by the officer. The nurse was called to help the patient. SINAV MANTIĞI AÇISINDAN MODAL'LAR SHOULD HAVE VERB3 COULD HAVE VERB3 MUST HAVE VERB3 WOULD HAVE VERB3 COULD + VERB 1 YOU SHOULD HAVE DONE. YAPMALIYDIN... YOU COULD HAVE CRASHED. ÇARPABİLİRDİN... YOU MUST HAVE MISSED THE TRAIN. TRENİ KAÇIRMIŞ OLMALISIN. I WOULD HAVE CALLED YOU. SENİ ARARDIM. HE COULD BE AT HOME; EVDE OLABİLİR. I COULD SWIM. YÜZEBİLİYORDUM. SINAV MANTIĞI AÇISINDAN CONDITIONALS SINAV SEÇENEKLERİNDE KARŞIMIZA ÇIKABİLECEK İKİLİLER; PRESENT SIMPLE + PRESENT SIMPLE : IF IT SNOWS, OUR ROAD GETS CLOSED. PRESENT SIMPLE + FUTURE SIMPLE : IF IT SNOWS, OUR ROAD WILL GET CLOSED. PAST SIMPLE + WOULD, COULD VERB 1 : IF IT SNOWED, OUR ROAD WOULD GET CLOSED. PAST PERFECT + WOULD, COULD HAVE VERB 3 : IF IT HAD SNOWED, OUR ROAD WOULD HAVE CLOSED. PAST PERFECT + WOULD/COULD BE VERB ING : IF YOU HAD STUDIED ON TIME, YOU WOULDN'T BE FEELING DIFFICULTY IN THE EXAM NOW.

5 5 SINAV MANTIĞI AÇISINDAN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WHICH Yalın haliyle kendisinden sonra tam cümle almaz. Preposition alan which ( in which, at which, on which, by which) kendisinden sonra tam cümle alır; of which istisnadır. Soru cümlesinde kullanılan bir fiil, isim veya sıfatın aldığı preposition 'ı kendi önüne çekme özelliğine sahiptir. Sorularda en sevdiği pozisyon [...,...yarım cümle ] WHERE Kendisinden sonra tam cümle gelir. Kendinden önce prep. almaz. Yer nitelemelerinde kullanılır. WHOSE Kendinden sonra tam cümle alır Kendinden önce sahip olan kendinden sonra sahip olunan gelir....man whose car İnsan harici diğer varlık ve cansız nesnelerle birlikte kullanılabilir. WHO Kendinden sonra tam cümle almaz. Kendinden önce prep. almaz. İnsanları nitelerken kullanılır. WHOM Kendinden sonra tam cümle alır. Kendinden önce çok sıklıkla prep. alır. some of whom, most of whom, İnsanları nitelerken kullanılır bu açıdan sorularda some of..., most of... gibi ifadelerde cevabın whom 'mu yoksa which 'mi olduğu nitelediği şeyin özelliğine göre belirlenir; insan ise whom, nesne ise which tercih edilir. THAT Kendinden sonra tam veya yarım cümle alabilir. Adjective Clause sorularında genellikle dizilim şu şekildedir; Noun +THAT+ Verb veya Verb+ THAT +Noun şeklinde olmaktadır. Kendinden önce prep. ve virgül almaz. (In that ; şöyleki anlamında bir bağlaçtır.)

6 6 SIFAT CÜMLECİĞİ KISALTMALARI Aktif yapı Students who want to join the club must apply to the English teacher. Students wanting to join the club must apply to the English teacher. Do you know the man who is talking on the TV? Do you know the man talking on the TV? The car slightly passed the people who were waiting at the bus stop. The car slightly passed the people waiting at the bus stop. The students who came to class late missed the quiz. The students coming to class late missed the quiz. I passed the exam, which made all my family happy. I passed the exam, making all my family happy. Pasif The car which was used in the bank robbery has been found by the police. The car used in the bank robbery has been found by the police. Students who are punished are generally boys. Students punished are generally boys. The method that has been used in the project was excellent. The method used in the project was excellent. It is unsafe to enter a building which was damaged by the earthquake. It is unsafe to enter a building damaged by the earthquake. To-infinitive Yapılar the first, the second, the third, the last, the next,the only the superlative yapı (the best, the most populated,) Modal yapılar (may, can, must ) Aktif He is the first person who wrote about that problem. He is the first person to write about that problem. Yesterday, I was the last person who left the school. Yesterday, I was the last person to leave the school. Tansu Çiller is the only woman who became Prime Minister. Tansu Çiller is the only woman to become Prime Minister. He is the oldest footballer that plays in Turkish League. He is the oldest footballer to play in Turkish League. I have a lot of homework that I must do. I have a lot of homework to do. We don't have a real friend whom we can trust. We don't have a real friend to trust.

7 7 Pasif This is the largest ship which was made last year. This is the largest ship to be made last year. She is a person who can be trusted. She is a person to be trusted. Atatürk was the first president that was inaugurated. Atatürk was the first president to be inaugurated. To be + Sıfat, Edat, İsim (Adjective / Preposition / Noun) The girl who is happy with the present is playing joyfully. The girl happy with the present is playing joyfully. The person who was responsible for the accident was put in jail. The person responsible for the accident was put in jail. To be (am, is, are, was, were, been) den sonra bir edat (in, at, on) geliyorsa who, which, that ve to be filleri atılır: The boy who was in the car looked suspicious to me. The boy in the car looked suspicious to me. To be (am, is, are, was, were, been) den sonra bir geliyorsa who, which, that ve to be filleri atılır: Marmaris, which is a popular tourist center, has many places to visit. Marmaris, a popular tourist center, has many places to visit. Doctor James, who is the head of eye department, operated on my father's eye. Doctor James, the head of eye department, operated on my father's eye. Pasif + Süreklilik (Passive + Continuous Tense) The song which is being played now is my favorite one. The song being played now is my favorite one. The patient who is being operated on is very ill. The patient being operated on is very ill. Zaman (Tense) Farkı (a Perfect Participal) Relative clause yapısının fiili ile ana fiil arasındaki zaman farkı varsa active eylemler için having +verb3, passive eylemler için having been + verb3 kullanılabilir. The students who failed the Math 101 course have to take it again next term. The students having failed the Math 101 course have to take it again next term. Having failed the Math 101 course, the students have to take it again next term. Murat, who had been fired, looked for another job for five months. Murat, having been fired, looked for another job for five months. Having been fired, Murat looked for another job for five months.

8 8 BAĞLARLARDA KISALTMA Adverbial Clause yapılarda reduction yapılabilmesi için her iki cümledeki öznelerin aynı olması gerekmektedir. After After they finished/ had finished their homework, they went to school. After finishing their homework, they went to school. Finishing their homework, they went to school. Having finished their homework, they went to school. After he was arrested/ had been arrested, he decided not to steal again. After being arrested, he decided not to steal again. Having been arrested, he decided not to steal again. Before Before reduction yapılırken atılamaz. Before he left, he said good-bye to each of them. Before leaving, he said good-bye to each of them. Soldiers must be given sufficient training before they are given duties. Soldiers must be given sufficient training before being given duties. While While I was reading a book, I was listening music, too. While reading a book, I was listening music, too. Reading a book, I was listening music, too. While he was being asked questions, he was very nervous. While being asked questions, he was very nervous. When, As soon as When / as soon as I heard the news, I got shocked. Hearing the news, I got shocked. On hearing the news, I got shocked. Upon hearing the news, I got shocked. When he was asked that question, he got angry. When asked that question, he got angry. Asked that question, he got angry. Until Until I went to İzmir, I had lived in İstanbul. Until going to İzmir, I had lived in İstanbul. Until it is learnt, it must be repeated. Until learnt, it must be repeated.

9 9 Since (-den beri) Since I came here, I have been very busy. Since coming here, I have been very busy. Since it was built, it has been the shortest way to go there. Since being built / built, it has been the shortest way to go there. Because, As, Since Because/as/ since he was ill, he didn't come to the party. Being ill, he didn't come to the party. Because it was injured seriously, it may die. Being injured seriously, it may die. Because/as/ since I had seen the movie, I didn't go with them. Having seen the movie, I didn't go with them. Because/as/ since he had been dismissed from the factory, Ali had to look for a job months. Having been dismissed from the factory, Ali had to look for a job months. If, Unless, As if,as though, Whether If you are learning English, you must be patient. If learning English, you must be patient. If this method is used properly it will be highly effective. If used properly, this method will be highly effective. Unless you are told otherwise, you shouldn't go there. Unless told otherwise, you shouldn't go there. She talked as if / as though she knew everything. She talked as if / as though knowing everything. She talked as if / as though she was promoted that position. She talked as if / as though promoted that position. Although, Though, When,While, As Although he knew the answer, he didn't answer the question. Although knowing the answer, he didn't answer the question. Although it was begun many years ago, the road is still not completed. Although begun many years ago, the road is still not completed. Though it was written for children, the book is popular among adults as well. Though written for children, the book is popular among adults as well. He talked as if / as though he was the best. He talked as if / as though the best. When it is necessary, you can spend some of money. When necessary, you can spend some of money. Although / though he was unhappy, he tried to smile. Although / though unhappy, he tried to smile. While I was at school, I was very hard-working. While at school, I was very hard-working. As it can be seen in her eyes, she loves him. As can be seen in her eyes, she loves him. As it is seen in her eyes, she loves him. As is seen in her eyes, she loves him. As seen in her eyes, she loves him.

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