Burdur li Yüzey Araflt rmalar Surveys in Burdur Province in 2004

Transkript

1 Burdur li Yüzey Araflt rmalar 2004 Surveys in Burdur Province in 2004 Mehmet ÖZSA T Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl, Kültür Varl klar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü ü nün izni ile, stanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi ad na, Üniversitemiz Araflt rma Fonu nun maddi deste i ve Suna- nan K raç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araflt rma Enstitüsü nün (AKMED) katk lar yla bu y lki yüzey araflt rmalar 02/ tarihleri aras nda, Burdur li nin Merkez lçe, Karamanl, Tefenni, Yeflilova, Gölhisar, Çavd r ve Kemer ilçeleri, kasaba ve köylerinde yap lm flt r. Baflkanl m alt nda sürdürülen araflt rmalarda, Arkeolog N. Özsait, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ö. Koçak, Dr. G. Labarre, ö rencilerimizden Ö. Özdemir, H. Oy,. Baytak, P. Ercan, S. Kaymakç dan oluflan ekibimize Bakanl k Temsilcisi olarak H. Çal flkan kat lm flt r. Araflt rmalar m z destekleyen Üniversitemiz Bilimsel Araflt rma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterli i ne, özveriyle çal flan tüm ekibimize teflekkür borçluyum. Ayr ca, Burdur daki araflt rmalar m z s ras nda ilgi ve yard mlar n esirgemeyen Vali Say n C. Direkçi ye, Kültür ve Turizm Müdürü S. Erdo an a, Müze Müdürü H. A. Ekinci ye ve Karamanl da ekibimize her türlü kolayl sa layan Belediye Baflkan. Mergen e tüm kalbimle teflekkür ederim. Bu y lki yüzey araflt rmalar flu flekilde özetlenebilir: Önce, Karamanl lçesi nin güneybat s ndaki da l k kesimde, Ard çl k Mevkii nde, önceki y llardaki araflt rmalar m zda gördü ümüz dört kaya mezar bulunarak incelenmifltir. Gerek mezarlar n n durumlar ndan ve gerekse çevrelerinde buldu umuz keramiklerden bunlar n Roma Ça na ait oldu u anlafl lmaktad r. Karamanl n n Cafer Mahallesi nde, fieyh Salih Camii nin bahçesindeki eski mescidin balkonunu tafl yan ahflap direklerin alt kaidesi olarak kullan lm fl olan Roma Ça na tarihleyebildi imiz, Poseidon a ait bir ithaf kitabesi bulunarak incelenmifltir. Türk ahflap mimari dokusunu tafl yan Mescidin, asl na uygun olarak restorasyonunu geçmiflimize bir vefa borcu olarak görüyoruz. Önceki araflt rmalar m zda, Karamanl Baraj n n do usunda, Veyselin Tafl ya da Gedikyap olarak adland r lan kayal k alan n üzerinde lk Tunç Ça 2 ve Roma Ça yerleflmeleri tespit edilmiflti. Bu kesimin 200 m. kadar kuzeybat s nda bir Kybele kült merkezinin kal nt lar da The surveys under my direction in the province of Burdur were conducted from the 2 nd to the 18 th of August 2004 on behalf of the Faculty of Letters of Istanbul University, with permission granted by the Directorate General of Cultural Heritage and Museums of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The work was financed by the Research Fund of our university and contributed to by the Suna & nan K raç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilisations (AKMED). This year s work covered the central township of Burdur, Karamanl, Tefenni, Yeflilova, Gölhisar, Çavd r and Kemer townships and their villages and districts. The state representative was H. Çal flkan and the team members were archaeologist N. Özsait, Asst. Prof. Dr. Ö. Koçak, Dr. G. Labarre and our students Ö. Özdemir, H. Oy,. Baytak, P. Ercan and S. Kaymakç. I am grateful to the Administrative Secretariat of Scientific Research Projects of our university for their support, to our team members for their application. In addition I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Governor C. Direkçi, the Director of Culture and Tourism S. Erdo- an and Museum Director H. A. Ekinci, all of whom paid great attention and aided our work and also to. Mergen, Mayor of Karamanl, who aided us with all kinds of assistance. This year s work can be summarised as follows: First, we revisited the four rock-cut tombs in the Ard çl k Area in the mountaineous part to the southeast of Karamanl town centre which we had identified previously. Both the tombs themselves and the potshards we found nearby indicate a date in the Roman Period. In the Cafer Quarter of Karamanl town centre, the fieyh Salih Mosque has an old masjid in its courtyard. The balcony of this masjid is supported with timber posts one of which is standing on a block with a dedicatory inscription, which we studied and were able to date to the Roman Period. We consider that a proper restoration of this masjid, an example of Turkish timber architecture, would pay honour to our history. In our previous surveys, we had noted settlements dating from the EBA II and Roman Periods on the rocky 117

2 Res. 1 Ka lc k, Kalecik Alt ndan Pazar Tepesi ve Dibek Tafl mevkii Fig. 1 Pazar Tepesi and the Dibek Tafl area from Ka lc k, Kalecik Alt. bulunmufltur. Bölgede az görülen bu kutsal alan üzerindeki çal flmalar sürdürülmektedir. Karamanl n n 7 km. kuzey-do usunda yer alan Ka lc k Köyü ve yak n çevresi ayr nt l olarak incelenmifltir. Burada tahrip edilen ve lk Tunç Ça dan Roma Ça na kadar buluntular veren Ka lc k Höyük ( TÇ+DÇ+Roma ve Geç Antik Ça ) d fl nda, köyün kuzey-do usunda Kalecik Alt (DÇ+Geç Roma Ça ) ve güneyinde Pazar Tepesi nde (=Keflkek Tepesi) Tunç Ça ve Roma Ça yerleflmeleri (Res. 1) ve Pazar Tepesi yerleflmesinin yer ald da n kuzey eteklerinde Dibek Tafl ad da verilen kesiminde, ana kayaya oyulmufl, k r lm fl kaya lahit mezarlar ve üst k sm k r lm fl, olas l kla bir kartala ait oldu u anlafl lan, iki pençeli gövde kal nt s görülmüfltür. Bunlar üzerinde çal flmalar sürdürülmektedir. Karamanl lçesi nin 13 km. güneydo usunda yer alan Kayal Köyü nün güneydo usunda, Kocap nar Da n n bat uzant s nda, Befliktepe ve onun karfl s ndaki s rtta daha önce tespit edilen Kayal I ve Kayal II olarak adland r lan iki lk Tunç Ça yerleflmesinin tar m nedeniyle hayli tahrip edildi i tespit edilmifltir. lçenin do usunda yer alan Karatafl Gölü nün güney k y - s nda, önceki y llarda tespit etti imiz Yenice Höyük yeniden incelenmifltir. Bir Son Neolitik- lk Kalkolitik Ça yerleflmesi olan Yenice Höyük, baraj yolu yap m s ras nda güneyinden toprak al narak tahrip edilmiflti. Ayn zamanda, K lavuzlar Köyü ne giden tarla yolunun üzerinden geçti i Yenice Höyü ün.ö I. biny l yerleflmelerinin bulundu u kuzey kesimi de, son y llarda geniflleyen Karatafl Gölü nün sular alt nda kalm flt r. Tefenni lçe araflt rmalar nda öncelikle, daha önce arkeoloji literatürüne geçmifl olan Yuvalak Köyü kaya kabartmalar ve köyün çevresindeki di er kaya kabartmalar da incelenmifl, ölçüleri al nm fl ve resimleri çekilmifltir. Köyün 1 km. kadar kuzeybat s nda bulunan Büyük ve Küçük Asar olarak bilinen yerler araflt r lm fl, bunlardan area known as Veyselin Tafl or Gedikyap, to the east of Karamanl Dam. About 200 meters to the northwest of this site are, we discovered, the remains of a cult centre for Cybele and we continue our work on this sanctuary, a rare example in this region. Ka lc k village and its environs, located 7 km to the northeast of Karamanl were surveyed in detail. Besides the Ka lc k Höyük here, destroyed and yielding finds from the EBA through the Roman Period (EBA + IA + Roman and Late Antiquity); the Kalecik Alt Bronze Age and Roman Period settlements (IA + Late Roman) to the northeast of the village, Bronze Age and Roman Period settlements at Pazar Tepesi (Keflkek Tepesi) to the south of the village, and remains of a sculpture of a body with two claws, probably belonging to an eagle, whose upper part hade been broken off, as well as broken rockcut sarcophagi in the Dibek Tafl area on the northern slopes of the mountain where the Pazar Tepesi settlement is located. Our studies of these finds continue. Two EBA settlements had been identified earlier and named as Kayal I and II on the ridge opposite and on Befliktepe, on the western extension of the Kocap nar Mountain to the southeast of Kayal village, 13 km southeast of Karamanl town centre. It has been observed that these two sites were significantly damaged due to agricultural activity. We reinvestigated the Yenice Höyük, which we had identified in a past survey, on the south coast of Lake Karatafl to the east of the town centre. Yenice Höyük, a settlement of Late Neolithic-Early Chalcolithic Periods, was destroyed by earth removal from the south side during the construction of the road for the dam. Moreover, the field road to K lavuzlar village crosses over this mound and in recent years, the northern part of the mound with its 1 st millennium BC settlements was flooded by Lake Karatafl which has been further filling with water. 118

3 Res. 2 Yellik Yaylas Fig. 2 The Yellik pastures Büyük Asar üzerinde Roma Ça yerleflmesine ait keramikler görülmüfltür. Ayn flekilde Tefenni çevresinde, 19. yy. n sonlar ndan beri bilinen, Tefenni kaya kabartmalar incelenmifl, çal flmas yap lm flt r. lçenin 15 km. kadar güneydo usunda yer alan Baflp nar Köyü araflt r lm fl, burada, köyün 500 m. kuzeydo usunda bulunan Akin Da n n eteklerindeki bir kaya yüzüne alçak kabartma fleklinde yap lm fl bir kaya kabartmas - n n tahrip edildi ini görülmüfltür. Tefenni lçesi nin 13 km. kadar güneydo usunda yer alan Çayl Köyü araflt r lm fl, burada, Çayl Köyü nün 8 km. kadar güneydo usundaki, Yellik Yaylas nda, bir Roma Ça yerleflmesinin yan s ra, çok genifl bir alana yay lm fl olan bir Nekropol bulunmufltur (Res. 2). ncelemelerimizde, Roma Ça na ait oldu unu gördü- ümüz lahitlerin önemli bir k sm tahrip edilmifl durumdad r. Daha önceki y llarda tespit etti imiz ve yay nlad m z, Burdur un 75 km. güneybat s nda, Tefenni nin 8 km. güneydo usunda yer alan Seydiler Köyü nün 2 km. kuzeybat s ndaki Seydiler Höyü ü (SN- lk Kalkolitik+ TÇ+DÇ+Roma) ile Tefenni lçesi nin 3 km. kuzeybat s nda, Sazak Köyü nde yer alan ve Asar Tepe nin de (SN- lk Kalkolitik+ TÇ+DÇ+Hellenistik-Roma) tahrip edildi i görülmüfltür. Burdur Merkez lçe ve Yeflilova lçesi aras nda yer alan Yar fll Gölü çevresi sistematik olarak araflt r lm fl, burada 20. yy. n bafl ndan beri bilinen ve ayn zamanda tescil de edilmifl olan Dü er Büyükada Tepe ve kaya mezar ile, biri Herakles e ait olan iki kaya kabartmas incelenmifl, fakat ikinci kabartman n k r ld görülmüfltür. Ayr ca bu kesimde, Yar fll Gölü nün kuzeydo u During our surveys in the township of Tefenni, we first investigated the rock carvings at Yuvarlak village, which are already in the archaeological literature, and other rock carvings around the village, took their measurements and photographed them. We surveyed the sites known as Büyük Asar and Küçük Asar, about 1 km northwest of the village and noted Roman potshards at Büyük Asar. We also examined and documented the Tefenni rock carvings, which have been known since the late 19 th century. The village of Baflp nar, about 15 km southeast of the town centre was also surveyed and it was noted that the rock carving in low-relief on the skirts of Akin Mountain about 500 meters northwest of the village had been damaged. The village of Çayl, about 13 km southeast of Tefenni town centre, was surveyed. At Yeylik pastures, ca. 8 km southeast of the village, a Roman settlement, as well as a necropolis extending across a large area were discovered (Fig. 2). It was seen that a large group of these Roman sarcophagi had already been destroyed. Further destruction was also observed and noted at the following sites: the Seydiler Höyü ü (LNA + ECA + EBA + IA + Roman) located 2 km northwest of Seydiler village, which is 8 km southeast of Tefenni and 75 km southwest of Burdur, which was previously published by us; and, Asar Tepe (LNA + ECA + EBA + IA + Hellenistic and Roman) in the village of Sazak, 3 km northwest of Tefenni. The environs of Lake Yar fll, between Burdur town centre and Yeflilova were systematically surveyed; Dü er Büyükada Tepe and the rock-tomb and two rock 119

4 k y s nda yer alan ve önceki y llarda tespit etti imiz Çall ca ( TÇ) ile Ya l yurt ( TÇ) yerleflmeleri de yeniden incelenmifltir. Çall ca Kayal n n do u ve kuzeydo usunda 1974 y l ndan beri varl n bildi imiz Tunç Ça mezarl n n tar m nedeniyle hayli tahrip edildi i görülmüfltür. Yar fll Gölü nün güney k y s nda, Kocap nar Köyü nün 1 km. kadar kuzeybat s nda, göle bakan kayal k s rt üzerinde Hac lar tipi boyal keramik veren bir lk Kalkolitik Ça ve Roma Ça yerleflmesi (Kocap nar Höyük) tespit edilmifl, buradaki araflt rmalar m z s ras nda, Kocap nar yerleflmesinin hemen güneydo usunda yükselen da üzerinde bir lk Tunç Ça ve Roma Ça yerleflmesi (Büyük Asar) daha bulunarak incelenmifltir. flaret etti- imiz her iki yerleflme de, tar m ve kaçak kaz larla tahrip edilmifltir. Burdur un 60 km. güneydo usunda yer alan Yeflilova lçesi nin do usunda bulunan Sazak, Gençali, Çuvall ve Karaatl köyleri de araflt r lm fl, Sazak Köyü nün 2 km. kadar kuzeydo usunda önceden tespit etti imiz Sazak Höyü ü araflt r ld ktan sonra, köyün 3.5 km. güneydo- usunda, Yar fll Gölü nün 1.5 km. güneyinde ve Darm k Da n n kuzey yamac nda tespit etti imiz yerleflmeye mevkiin ad ndan dolay Sazak-Köyyeri ismi verilmifltir (Res. 3). Oldukça genifl bir alana yay ld n izledi imiz yerleflmenin yüzeyinde iyi bir iflçilik gösteren lk Tunç Ça keramikleri, ayr ca köy içinde, köy kahvesinin subasman taban na yerlefltirilmifl bir yaz t ve göl k y s nda mimari yap elemanlar ile yaz tl bir lahit kapa bulunmufltur. Yine Darm k Da n n kuzeydo u eteklerinde, Çö ürlü- Bucak Mevkii ni, Sar tafl n (Pekmez) önündeki Mehrap Yeri ayr ca, köy kahvesinin önünde duran yaz l tafl n geldi i yer de araflt r lm flt r. 35 y l önce Sazak-Kocap - nar yolu aç l rken, yaz tla birlikte, lahit kapa ve yap tafllar gibi baz mimari elemanlar n nceburun Mevkii nden ç kt ö renilmifltir. Bu çevrede yapt m z araflt rmalarda, kayaya oyulmufl k r k bir lahit teknesinden baflka kayda de er bir buluntuya rastlan lmam flt r. Yeflilova n n Karaatl Köyü s n rlar içinde, daha önceden tespit etti imiz Düden Höyük, Halkal (Sar ca) ve Çuvall höyükleri yeniden incelenmifltir. Düden ve Halkal höyüklerinin tar m nedeniyle, kayal k bir zemin üzerinde kurulmufl olan Çuvall Höyü ün de mermer ç karmak amac yla önemli ölçüde tahrip edildi i tesbit edilmifltir. Karaatl Köyü nün 1 km. do usunda, Çuvall Köyü nün ise 3.5 km. kuzeybat s nda, Samut Mevkii olarak bilinen kesimde bir lk Tunç Ça yerleflmesi tespit edilmifltir. carvings - one belonging to Herakles - known since the early 20 th century and already registered, were examined and it was seen that the second rock carving was now broken. Further, we reinvestigated the Çall ca (EBA) and Ya l yurt (EBA) settlements, which we had identified on the northeast coast of Lake Yar fll in previous years. It was observed that the Bronze Age necropolis, which we have known since 1974, on the east and northeast of Çall ca Rocks, has been considerably destroyed through agricultural activities. We have identified two settlements on the south coast of the Lake Yar fll about 1 km northwest of Kocap nar village: Kocap nar Höyük of the Early Chalcolithic and Roman Periods, on the rocky ridge overlooking the lake, has painted ware shards of the Hac lar type; and, during our work here, Büyük Asar of the EBA and Roman Periods was discovered and surveyed, situated on the mountain rising due southeast of Kocap nar settlement. Both sites have been destroyed due to agricultural activity and illegal excavations. We surveyed the villages of Sazak, Gençali, Çuvall and Karaali to the east of Yeflilova township, about 60 km southeast of Burdur town centre. Following our research at Sazak Höyü ü, which we had previously identified about 2 km northeast of Sazak village, we identified a settlement on the north slope of Darm k Mountain, 1.5 km south of Lake Yar fll and 3.5 km southeast of the village. Based on the name of the area in which it is located, we named this settlement Sazak-Köyyeri (Fig. 3). EBA potshards of fine craftsmanship were noted on the surface in the settlement extending over a wide area; in addition, in the village itself, an inscription reused in the foundation of the village coffeehouse and architectural elements and a sarcophagus lid with an inscription were found on the coast of the lake. Çögürlü-Bucak area on the northeast slopes of Yarm k Mountain, and Mehrap Yeri before Sar tafl (Pekmez) as well as the provenance of the inscribed stone in the village were surveyed. We learned that the sarcophagus lid and various architectural elements together with the inscribed stone were found in the nceburun area during the construction of the Sazak-Kocap nar road 35 years ago. However, our surveys in this area did not reveal anything other than a broken sarcophagus basin carved from the bedrock. We resurveyed the Düden Höyük, Halkal (Sar ca) and Çuvall Höyüks, which we had previously identified within the borders of the Karaatl village of Yeflilova. We noted that the Düden and Halkal mounds were damaged due to agricultural activity while Çuvall Höyük, which is located on rocky ground, was damaged from marble quarrying. 120

5 Res. 3 Sazak-Köyyeri, gölün karfl k y s nda Dü er-büyükada Tepe Fig. 3 Sazak-Köyyeri, across the lake is the Dü er-büyükada Tepe Bugün de suyu bol olan bir kayna n kuzeyinde yer alan yerleflme, tar m nedeniyle çok tahrip edilmifltir. Samut Höyü ün 800 m. kadar do usunda, Bay rbafl Köyü nün güneydo usundaki da l k s rtta, Köyyeri denilen mevkide yine bir lk Tunç Ça yerleflmesi bulunmufltur, genifl bir alanda, fakat çok da n k olarak bulunan keramiklerden, bugün fundal k olan bu yerleflmenin de zaman içinde çokça tahrip edildi i anlafl lmaktad r. Yukar da iflaret edildi i gibi, Yass güme, Hac lar, Çamur, Hüyükköy, Karamusa, Mürseller-Bademli, Çaltepe, Gençali, Mancar, Uylup nar, Yar köy, Çavd r, Yakalar- Telli, Kozluca, Gençali, Höyük, Beyköy, Gölde, Aziziye gibi höyükler; Hadriani, Olbasa, fieref (Komama), Çaltepe örenyerleri; Karaevli, Karaatl gibi tümülüsler ziyaret edilerek son durumlar n belirlemek için foto raflar çekilmifl ayr ca, bu kabil araflt rmalara süreklilik kazand rabilmek amac yla, bu yerler, ekibimizde yer alan genç elemanlara da tan t lm flt r. Göller Bölgesi nin bu kesiminde yapt m z on yedi günlük araflt rmada yine, bölgenin kültür tarihi ve kültür envanteri yönünden küçümsenemeyecek bulgular elde edilmifltir. Araflt rmalar henüz sonland r lmam flt r; gelecek y l ayn flekilde devam edecektir. Yerleflme yerlerinin h zl bir flekilde ve de iflik nedenlerle tahrip edilmifl olmas üzücüdür. Tahribat n önüne ancak, yerel yönetimlerle daha s k bir iflbirli i ve araflt rmalara a rl k verebilecek flekilde kaynak ayr lmas yla geçilebilecektir. Hal böyle olunca da, bölgenin araflt r lmas n n ve kültür envanterinin daha çabuk tamamlanabilece i düflüncesindeyiz. An EBA settlement was identified in the Samut area, 3.5 km northwest of Çuvall village and 1 km east of Karaatl village. Located to the north of a still today well-watered area, the site has been considerably damaged from agricultural activity. Another EBA settlement was identified at the Köyyeri area on the mountainous ridge to the southeast of Bay rbafl village, about 800 meters east of Samut Höyük. Potsherds were collected scattered across a wide area overgrown with bushes and it was understood that this settlement had been largely destroyed in the course of time. As mentioned above, the following sites were visited and photographed in order to document their present state and they were introduced to the young members of our team in order to establish continuity for these surveys: the mounds of Yass güme, Hac lar, Çamur, Hüyükköy, Karamusa, Mürseller-Bademli, Çaltepe, Gençali, Mancar, Uylup nar, Yar köy, Çavd r, Yakalar-Telli, Kozluca, Gençali, Höyük, Beyköy, Gölde and Aziziye; ancient ruins of Hadriani, Olbasa, fieref (Komama) and Çaltepe; and the tumuli of Karaevli and Karaatl. Our surveys over 17 days in this part of the Lakes Region have contributed considerably to the cultural history and inventory of the region, our surveys have not been finalised as yet and we plan to continue next year. It is very heartrending to witness the rapid destruction of these settlements. This destruction can be stopped only through better collaboration with the local authorities and higher budgets for research and thus the regional surveys and the establishment of the cultural inventory would be completed in a shorter period of time. 121