Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9 (2010) 1873 1877 WCLTA 2010 Problems encountered in the applications of multiple intelligence theory in primary schools in Turkey Akp nar, Burhan a, Erdamar, F. Selim b, Y lmaz, Emrullah c a Associate Prof. Dr.,F rat University Faculty of Education, Elaz 23100, Turkey b Graduate student, F rat University Institute of Social Sciences, Elaz 23100, Turkey c Postgraduate student, F rat University Institute of Social Sciences, Elaz 23100,Turkey Abstract In Turkey, serious problems have been encountered in employing MIT in learning-teaching process in primary schools. The aim of this study is to determine the problems experienced in the classroom applications of MIT based on the views of teachers. For this purpose, a likert type scale was applied to a sum of 514 primary school teachers working in the province of Diyarbak r. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-test and variance analysis. It was determined that primary school teachers were partly aware of MIT, found it useful and partly took it into consideration while planning the teaching process. Moreover, teachers face a lot of difficulties while making use of MIT. These problems can be listed as follows; inadequate education about the subject, crowded classes, pressure of time, difficulties in evaluation and books and teaching materials that are not compatible with MIT. Key Words: Multiple Intelligence Theory; Application Problems of Multiple Intelligence Theory; Teacher Views on Multiple Intelligence Theory; Primary Education and Multiple Intelligence Theory; Problems of Multiple Intelligence Theory in Turkey. 1. Introduction Multiple Intelligence Theory (MIT) was first introduced in USA in 1980s and with a little delay it was discussed in academic environments in Turkey in late 1990s. As a result of these discussions, MIT was noticed by Turkish Ministry of Education and it had a central position in the education reform in 2004. With this reform realized by the Ministry of Education, fundamental changes were introduced, which meant a change of paradigm in primary school curricula. These curricula which are called New Primary Education Curricula (NPEC) are based on progressivism and constructivism and student-centered and they include a lot of new conceptions like MIT (Tek k, 2005; K ro lu, 2006). Following the reform in 2004, discussions regarding MIT in media, unions, and academic environments have become more frequent. These discussions are going on at present around the ideas that MIT will open up new insights for the Turkish Educational System (TES) and the theory will damage TES. Negative views about MIT can be grouped under two categories. The first one is that MIT was put in practice without understanding it completely and so a lot of mistakes were made during this process. The second one is that MIT is an imposition of globalization that manipulates Turkish Educational System and it is like a new world religion marketed to the underdeveloped countries by USA. The negative descriptions concerning MIT of the second view that approaches the matter with suspicion and anxiety can be summarized as follows: superficial (Erdo an, 2008), a means of delaying and publicity (Gür, 2006), trendy movement (Baykal, 2008), fake pearls (Özcan, 2008), international project that Akp nar, Burhan. Tel.: +90-0424-2370000-4932; fax:+90-0424-2365064 E-mail address: bakpinar@firat.edu.tr 1877-0428 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.416 Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
1874 Akpınar, Burhan et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9 (2010) 1873 1877 manipulates our educational system (Özdem, 2008) and deception of multiple intelligence (http://forum.memurlar.net). Contrary to these negative views on MIT, there are a lot of research results and views indicating that this theory proves useful in teaching learning process (Demirel, 2006; Çelen, 2006; Tilbe, 2006; Karatekin, 2006; Y ld r m, 2006; Hepya ar, 2006; Oral, 2005; Saydam, 2005; Ta ezen, 2005). As summarized briefly above, there are serious debates in Turkey regarding MIT within different groups. However, what teachers think about this subject and what kind of problems they encounter in practice are vague. It can be considered an important step to be aware of the views of teachers each of whom are careful observers so as to determine and overcome the problems concerning MIT. 1.1 Aim The aim of this study is to determine the problems encountered in MIT applications in primary schools based on the views of teachers. 2. Method This research is in survey design (Erden, 1998; Karasar, 2005) based on describing the existing situation by taking samples from the population and it is descriptive. The population of the research includes teachers working in 71 primary schools in the centrum of the province of Diyarbak r. The sample consists of 514 primary school teachers chosen from among the population randomly. The distribution of teachers according to the variables is as follows: Gender: nfemale=215 (%41,8); nmale=299(%58,2). Seniority (years): n1-5=41(%8); n6-10=167(%32,5); n11-15=195(%37,9); n16-20=42(%8,2); n21=69(%13,4). Number of students in the class (students): n20-31=57(%11,1); n31-40=151(%29,4); n41-50=202(%39,3); n51=104(%20,2). In this study, the data were obtained through likert-type scale prepared by the researchers. The validity of the scale was verified by expert examination and reliability by factor analysis. The results of the analysis of the data obtained during the pilot study applied to 148 teachers for factor analysis are as follows: KMO=0.797; Barlett = 6420,994 (p=0,000) Cronbach Alpha = 0.82. The factor loads of the items in the scale are between 0,352 and 0,719. Keeping these in mind, it can be said that the scale is reliable (Erden, 1998; Büyüköztürk, 2002). The likert-type items in the scale were analyzed via mean and standard deviation. In order to test whether there are differences among teacher views according to variables t-test and one way variance analysis (homogenous items) and KWH and MWU tests (non-parametric items) were used (Sümbülo lu and Sümbülo lu, 2000). The five point likert scale items were graded as 1. Completely disagree (1.00-1.80), 2. Disagree (1.81-2.60), 3. Partly agree (2.61-3.40), 4. Agree (3.41-4.20) and 5. Completely agree (4.21-5.00). 3. Findings 3.1. Knowledge of teachers about MIT and their views on the education provided Table 1. Views of teachers on MIT Item Views X SD 1. I have adequate knowledge about MIT. 3,18 1,22 2. The seminars offered to teachers by Ministry of Education on MIT are adequate. 1,98 1,20 3. The guidance of universities for teachers concerning MIT is inadequate. 3,80 1,37 3.2. Teacher views on the problems encountered in the classroom applications of MIT
Akpınar, Burhan et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9 (2010) 1873 1877 1875 Table 2. Teacher views on the problems encountered in the application of MIT Item Views X SD 4. The methods based on MIT are more efficient than traditional methods in teaching. 4,09 0,95 5. MIT should be applied in all lessons. 3,85 1,09 6. I take MIT into consideration while planning the teaching process. 3,25 2,25 7. Course books prepared within the framework of NPEC comply with MIT. 2,95 1,15 8. Teacher support books prepared within the framework of NPEC help teachers adequately. 2,77 1,28 9. The guidance of inspectors on MIT is adequate. 1,85 1,22 10. Crowded classes restrict the activities developed according to MIT. 4,55 0,82 11. It is hard to finish the subject within the required time while MIT is being applied in the classroom. 3,87 1,09 12. The school has the variety of materials that enable MIT to be applied. 1,80 1,16 13. I have difficulty in evaluating students according to MIT. 3,89 1,05 4. Discussion and results 4.1. Discussion and results concerning the knowledge levels of teachers regarding MIT and their views on the education provided When the data given in Table 1 are examined, it is observed that teachers have partial ( X =3,18) knowledge about MIT and education provided by Ministry of Education on MIT is inadequate ( X =1,98). Teachers also think that the support of universities on MIT is inadequate. These findings support the judgment in the literature concerned that one of the problems that teachers encounter in applying MIT is that they don t know the theory adequately (Bümen, 2002). These findings prove the inadequacy of teachers about MIT. This case brings into question the in-class applications of MIT. Ministry of Education should urgently work in coordination with universities to compensate the inadequacies of teachers. However, this necessity doesn t reduce the responsibility of teachers to educate themselves on MIT. Teachers should look for ways to compensate their inadequacies on this matter by asking themselves the question How can I perform better? This is the requirement of reflective thinking, one of the qualities of contemporary teacher. There isn t a significant difference among the views of teachers on items except for the first one according to the variables. There is a significant difference among the views of teachers on the first item according to the variable seniority (F= 4,632; p=0,001). As a result of Scheffe test, it was determined that there was a significant difference between the groups 2(5-10 years) and 5 (21 years). Keeping this in mind, it can be said that senior teachers ( X 5=3,51) have more knowledge on MIT compared to young teachers ( X 2=2,96). This can be attributed to the fact that young teachers consider themselves inadequate with a desire to be better and to the high self-confidence (usually more than it really is) of senior teachers. The fact that senior teachers consider themselves adequate in a new paradigm like MIT may result from the habit in our culture that confessing that one doesn t have sufficient knowledge about a subject is considered as a weakness. 4.2. Discussion and results on the views of teachers concerning the problems encountered in the application of MIT
1876 Akpınar, Burhan et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9 (2010) 1873 1877 It can be understood from the data in Table 2 that teachers consider MIT efficient ( X =4,09) and they think it must be applied in all lessons ( X =3,85). Despite this positive thoughts about MIT, it seems inconsistent that teachers partly ( X =3,25) take MIT into consideration while planning the teaching process. This inconsistency may result from inadequate education that teachers have had or some other variables (inadequate support of inspectors, inadequacy of course books and guidebooks and shortage of materials and time). Taking the data in Table 2 into consideration, the problems that teachers encounter while applying MIT in classroom can be listed as follows: crowded classes ( X =4,55), limited time ( X =3,87), course books ( X =2,95) and teacher guide books ( X =2,77) partly comply with MIT, inadequate support of inspectors ( X =1,85), shortage of materials ( X =1,80) and difficulty in evaluation ( X =3,89). According to these findings, it can be said that the basic problem in applying MIT is crowded classes and shortage of materials. These findings are supported by the results of the studies carried out by Kucur (2007), Canbay (2006) and Karatekin (2006). There aren t any significant differences according to the variables among the views of teachers on the items in Table 2 except for the twelfth item. In the twelfth item, there is a significant difference among the views of teachers according to the seniority variable (F=4,282; p=0,002). Scheffe Test was applied to find out among what groups there is a significant difference and it was discovered that the difference was between groups 1(1-5 years) and 5 (21 years). So, it can be claimed that young teachers ( X 1=1,03) suffer shortage of materials (regarding MIT) more compared to senior teachers ( X 5=2,06). This sensitivity can be attributed to the fact that young teachers are inexperienced and they are more sensitive to learning-teaching process. In conclusion, teachers working in the primary schools in Turkey are partly aware of MIT and they think that education offered to them for MIT is inadequate. Although teachers find it useful, a lot of problems are encountered while applying MIT. These problems are; crowded classes, shortage of materials, problems with evaluation and time, course books and guide books don t comply with MIT and inadequate support from universities and inspectors. References Baykal, A. (2008). Bilimselli in ölçütleri ve e itimin bilimselli i. 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