AN ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING SECTOR: THE CASE OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CHINA 1

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1 ULUSLARARASI HAKEMLİ BEŞERİ VE AKADEMİK BİLİMLER DERGİSİ INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND ACADEMIC SCINENCE AN ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING SECTOR: THE CASE OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CHINA 1 Dlek ŞAHİN Cumhurye Unversy, Toursm and Hoel Managemen, Hospaly Managemen Deparmen, Svas / Turkey Absrac: Texle and clohng secor s one of he oldes ndusres n he world. Texle and clohng secor has played an mporan role n he economc growh and developmen of counres. Especally, hs secor s defned as he engne of developmen for developng counres. Ths sudy ams o analyzed he exle and clohng secor n Inda, Paksan and Chna over a perod of For hs purpose, frsly we have used Grubel-Lloyd Index o calculae level of he nra-ndusry rade n exle and clohng secor, secondly we have used Revealed Comparave Advanage Index by developed Balassa o measure compeveness n exle and clohng ndusry. As a resul, was found o be hgher level of nra-ndusry rade n exle secor han he clohng secor n Inda, Paksan and Chna. Also, was found o be hgher level of compeveness n clohng secor more han exle secor. Dynamc analyss of comparave advanage s based on four produc groups (compevely posoned producs, hreaened producs, emergng producs, weakly posoned producs) resuls showed ha he exle and clohng secor n Inda s classfed as hreaened producs. The exle secor n Paksan s classfed as hreaened producs. Paksan s clohng secor s classfed as compevely posoned producs. Chna s exle secor s classfed as compevely posoned producs. Chna s clohng secor s classfed as hreaened producs. Key Words: Texle and Clohng Secor, Inra-Indusry Trade, Revealed Comparave Advanage Do: /UHBAB (1) Correspondng Auhor: Dlek ŞAHİN, Cumhurye Unversy, Toursm and Hoel Managemen, Hospaly Managemen Deparmen, Svas / Turkey dlek58sahn@homal.com Receved: Acceped: Type ofarcle (Research and Pracce) Conflc of Ineres: None Ehcs Commee: None 70

2 I.INTRODUCTION Texle and clohng secor s among he frs manufacured producs an ndusralzng economy produces (Jucevčus and Rybakovas, 2010: 390). Afer he ndusral revoluon, exle and clohng secor has played a leadng role n he economc developmen of developng counres, hen has been an poneer ndusry many developng counres (Alınaş and Akpola, 2013: 35). Texle and clohng secor s closely relaed boh echnologcally and n erms of rade polcy. Also exle provde he npu o he clohng secor, creang vercal lnkages beween he wo (Alüfekn e al., 2009: 2). The exle secor s more capal nensve han he clohng secor and exle secor s less unsklled labour nensve han clohng secor (Nordas, 2004: 7). Texle and clohng secor whch s shaped by labor coss consue an mporan par he developng counres. As Chna, Bangladesh, Inda, Hong Kong and Indonesa counres where he labor cos s very low n he frs place n he manufacurng sde of he ndusry. Texle and clohng secor provdes a grea mpac on he economy, n erms of conrbuon o gross domesc produc, employmen and foregn exchange earner. The exle and clohng secors offer a wde range of job opporunes for he unsklled workforce n developng counres. In hs sudy, exle and clohng secor n Inda, Paksan and Chna was analyzed. Two analyzes were performed n hs sudy. Frsly, we measured level of nra-ndusry rade n exle and clohng secor hrough Grubel-Lloyd Index. Secondly, we analyzed comparave advanage of exle and clohng secor hrough Revealed Comparave Advanage (RCA) by developed Balassa (1965) a SITC Rev.3 wo dg levels. The daa whch s used n hs sudy s annual secondary daa from 2000 o 2014 whch are obaned from UN COMTRADE. Ths sudy conss of 4 secons. Secon 2 presens emprcal leraure relaed wh he measuremen of compeveness and level of nra-ndusry rade of he counres. Secon 3 deal wh mehodology and dscussed he emprcal fndngs and fnal secon concludes. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Some sudes n he leraure abou nra-ndusry rade and revealed comparave advanage can be summarzed as follows: Çakmak (2005), examned Turkey s comparave advanage and nernaonal compeveness of exle and clohng ndusres. Balassa s revealed comparave advanage ndex and Vollrah s compeveness ndex was used. Balassa s ndex showed ha Turkey had a srong comparave advanage n exles and clohng as aggregae commody groups and n sub-caegores of ex- 71

3 le and clohng. Vollrah s ndex showed ha Turkey s less compeve n he world marke compared o Balassa s ndces. Yücel (2010), analyzed Turksh exle and clohng ndusry s compeveness durng he perod by usng Balassa s Revealed Comparave Advanage Index and Vollrah s hree measures of revealed comparave advanage. Analyss showed ha he secor had comparave advanage bu hs advanage was los by exle secor afer 1998 and by clohng secor afer Shahbaz e al., (2012), analyzed he deermnans of nra-ndusry rade beween Paksan and rade paerns n he perod usng panel daa approach. The emprcal analyss ndcaed ha nra-ndusry rade s a negave funcon of he dfference n GDP per capa beween Paksan and her radng parners. Also fndngs showed ha he mporance of scales economes and he varey of dfferenaed producs. Ahmad and Kalm (2013), analyzed revealed comparave advanage of exle and clohng secor of Paksan a HS-2 dg level and SITC- 3 dg level. Emprcal analyss showed ha Paksan had comparave advanage n exle secor and low comparave advanage n clohng secor. Alınaş and Akpola (2013), analyzed he compeon level wh he EU (27) counres n exle ndusry. Balassa, Vollrah and CEP ndexes was used o es he compeon level of Turkey durng he perod. Emprcal analyss showed ha Turkey had a comparave compeon advanage agans he EU(27) counres. Also n he 2011, he exsng compeon advanage reached o a hghes level. Shahab and Mahmood (2013), analyzed he rade specalzaon n he leaher producs beween some seleced Asan economes wh parcular focus on Paksan. Revealed Comparave Advanage ndex was used for The emprcal analyss showed ha Paksan had a hgh comparave advanage n leaher producs. Bashımov (2014), analyzed he comparave advanage n exle and clohng secor beween Turkey and Paksan over he perod Revealed comparave advanage ndex was used. The analyss showed ha Turkey had a comparave dsadvanage n exle and clohng secor agans Paksan. Yalçınkaya e al., (2014), analyzed Turkey s compeveness agans Chna by usng Balassa s revealed comparave advanage ndex whn ISIC Rev.4. Emprcal analyss showed ha here were fve ndusry whch possess RCAB>0.5 by he end of These ndusres were defned as, mnng of meal ores and oher mnng 72

4 and quarryng, n manufacrng ndusry manufacure of food producs and manufacure of beverages, n waer supply; sewerage, n wase managemen and remedaon acves ndusry waer collecon, wase collecon, reamen and dsposal acves; maerals recovery. Şahn (2015), analyzed he level of nra-ndusry rade n Turkey and Chna s exle and clohng ndusry durng he Grubel-Lloyd ndex was used. Consequenly, Turkey and Chna s exle ndusry rade was realzed n he form of nra-ndusry rade; clohng ndusry rade was realzed n he form of ner-ndusry rade. III. DATA and EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Ths sudy has wo ams. Frs, he nra-ndusry rade fgures calculae usng he Grubel-Lloyd Index for exle and clohng ndusry n Inda, Paksan and Chna. Second, compeveness calculae usng he Revealed Comparave Advanage Index for exle and clohng ndusry n Inda, Paksan and Chna. The expor and mpor volume daa calculaed o measure he level of nra-ndusry rade and revealed comparave advanage n exle and clohng ndusry come from UN COMTRADE daabase. The sudy covers he perod. SITC Codes (Rev.3) exle and clohng ndusry; SITC 65 (Texle yarn, fabrcs, made-up arcles, n.s.e. and relaed producs), SITC 84 (Arcles of apparel and clohng accessores). a.measurng of Inra-Indusry Trade: Grubel- Lloyd Index A grea deal of nernaonal rade s nra-ndusry rade as opposed o ner-ndusry rade. Inrandusry rade arses n order o ake advanage of mporan economes of scale n producon (Sunde e al., 2009: 16). Inra-ndusry rade (IIT) s descrbed as he wo-way exchange of goods whn he same sascal ndusry group (Akram, 2013:1). Inra-ndusry rade s mporan because s mply compeveness and he degre of readness o negrae no he world economy. Also he commodes wh he nra ndusry rade have a hgh compeveness compared wh he ohers (Rasekh and Shojaee, 2012: 181). Inra-ndusry rade s ncreasngly becomng sgnfcan n developng counres. The classcal measure of IIT was proposed by Grubel and Lloyd (1975). Grubel-Lloyd Index (GL) s presened follow as (Gurbel and Lloyd, 1975: 21): or B = n ( Xj + Mj ) ( Xj Mj ) n ( Xj + Mj ) 73

5 X B = 1 X j j M + M The GL ndex vares beween 0 (all rade s nerndusry) and 1 (all rade s nra-ndusry). In hs equaon; X j denoe expors of produc o counry j n perod. M j denoe mpors of produc from counry j n perod. The ndex s equal o 1 f all rade s of he nra-ndusry rade ype. j j If IIT s equal o 0, all rade s ner-ndusry rade. Table 1 shows nra-ndusry rade of exle and clohng ndusry n Inda durng he perod As shown n able 1, seems o be hgher nra-ndusry rade n exle ndusry han clohng ndusry. Also, s observed ha ncrease level of nra-ndusry rade n exle and clohng ndusry. Table 1. Level of Inra-Indusry Trade n Texle and Clohng Indusry of Inda Year GL Index of Texle Secor of Inda GL Index of Clohng Secor of Inda ,18 0, ,21 0, ,25 0, ,28 0, ,29 0, ,37 0, ,36 0, ,36 0, ,37 0, ,39 0, ,35 0, ,36 0, ,35 0, ,31 0, ,34 0,07 74

6 Source: Auhor s Calculaons from he Daa of he UN COMTRADE. Table 2 shows he nra-ndusry rade fgures whch are calculaed are based on he fgures for As shown n able 2, seems o be hgher nra-ndusry rade n exle ndusry han clohng ndusry. Also, s observed ha ncrease level of nra-ndusry rade n exle and clohng ndusry. Table 2. Level of Inra-Indusry Trade n Texle and Clohng Indusry of Paksan Year GL Index of Texle Secor of Paksan GL Index of Clohng Secor of Paksan ,05 0, ,06 0, ,07 0, ,08 0, ,09 0, ,12 0, ,13 0, ,14 0, ,15 0, ,16 0, ,21 0, ,24 0, ,22 0, ,23 0, ,29 0,03 Source: Auhor s Calculaons from he Daa of he UN COMTRADE. Table 3 shows nra-ndusry rade of exle and clohng ndusry n Chna durng he As shown n able 2, level of nra-ndusry rade n exle ndusry s observed hgh more han clohng ndusry. 75

7 Table 3. Level of Inra-Indusry Trade n Texle and Clohng Indusry of Chna Year GL Index of Texle Secor of Chna GL Index of Clohng Secor of Chna ,88 0, ,85 0, ,77 0, ,69 0, ,62 0, ,54 0, ,50 0, ,45 0, ,39 0, ,39 0, ,37 0, ,33 0, ,34 0, ,33 0, ,30 0,06 Source: Auhor s Calculaons from he Daa of he UN COMTRADE. Fgure 1 and fgure 2 show comparave analyss level of nra-ndusry rade n exle and clohng ndusry for Inda, Paksan and Chna. As a resul, s found level of nra-ndusry rade n he exle secor o be hgher han n he clohng secor. 76

8 Fgure 1. Comparave Analyss of Inra-Indusry Trade Value of Texle Indusry n Inda, Paksan and Chna ( ) Source: Table 1, Table 2, Table 3. Fgure 2. Comparave Analyss of Inra-Indusry Trade Value of Clohng Indusry n Inda, Paksan and Chna ( ) Source: Table 1, Table 2, Table 3. 77

9 b. Measurng Compeveness: Revealed Comparave Advanage Index Revealed Comparave Advanage (RCA) Index one of he mos mporan ndcaors whch s able o use n order o measure of expor compeveness of counres. RCA ndex by developed Balassa (1965) s expressed as follows: RCA j =(X j )/(X )/(M j )/(M ) Here X j, M j are expors and mpors of counry for j commody or ndusry respecvely, whle X, M are expors and mpors of counry for se of commodes or ndusres. Accordng o he resuls of hs ndex f RCA >1 hen a counry has comparave advanage, f RCA<1 hen a counry has comparave dsadvanage n ha commody or ndusry. Table 4 shows coeffcens revealed comparave advanages of exle and clohng ndusry n Inda durng he The ndex value of exle and clohng ndusry s found o be hgher han 1. Ths mean ha he compeveness of he exle and clohng ndusry n Inda s hgh. However, compeveness of exle and clohng ndusry has sared o decrease. Table 4. Revealed Comparave Advanage n Texle and Clohng Indusry of Inda Year RCA of Texle Secor of Inda RCA of Clohng Secor of Inda ,94 343, ,76 142, ,94 243, ,34 178, ,41 225, ,05 197, ,56 159, ,73 117, ,54 111, ,07 116, ,30 75, ,93 61, ,77 57, ,31 44, ,02 42,00 78

10 Source: Auhor s Calculaons from he Daa of he UN COMTRADE. Table 5 shows coeffcens revealed comparave advanages of exle and clohng ndusry n Paksan durng he The ndex value of exle and clohng ndusry s found o be hgher han 1. Ths mean ha he compeveness of he exle and clohng ndusry n Paksan s hgh and especally Paksan has greaer comparave advanage n clohng ndusry. However, compeveness of exle and clohng ndusry has sared o decrease. Table 5. Revealed Comparave Advanage n Texle and Clohng Indusry of Paksan Year RCA of Texle Secor of Paksan RCA of Clohng Secor of Paksan ,07 565, ,34 447, ,13 315, ,77 230, ,47 312, ,54 211, ,88 221, ,26 113, ,48 133, ,82 125, ,47 95, ,54 89, ,39 105, ,07 115, ,29 111,18 Source: Auhor s Calculaons from he Daa of he UN COMTRADE. In able 6 Revealed Comparave Advanage of exle and clohng secor of Chna s shown. Accordng o resuls Chna has comparave advanage n exle and clohng ndusry and especally Chna has greaer comparave advanage n clohng ndusry. 79

11 Table 6. Revealed Comparave Advanage n Texle and Clohng Indusry of Chna Year RCA of Texle Secor of Chna RCA of Clohng Secor of Chna ,13 27, ,22 26, ,42 27, ,78 34, ,06 37, ,29 39, ,43 45, ,63 45, ,17 41, ,34 48, ,84 45, ,58 35, ,27 31, ,36 29, ,61 25,47 Source: Auhor s Calculaons from he Daa of he UN COMTRADE. Fgure 3 and fgure 4 show comparave analyss coeffcens revealed comparave advanage of exle and clohng ndusry n Inda, Paksan and Chna. Revealed comparave advanage coeffcen s greaer han 1 n all hree counres. 80

12 Fgure 3. Revealed Comparave Advanage n Texle Indusry of Inda, Paksan, Chna ( ) Source: Table 4, Table 5, Table 6. Fgure 4. Revealed Comparave Advanage n Clohng Indusry of Inda, Paksan, Chna ( ) Source: Table 4, Table 5, Table 6. 81

13 Ths sudy dynamc analyss of comparave advanage s based on four produc groups whch represen ha parcular commody s comparave advanage over me. Ths framework has wo advanages. Frsly, denfes he srenghs and weaknesses of counres expors profle n a me. Secondly, allows an evaluaon of degree of compeveness of counres expors n world markes. These produc groups are lsed below(mahmood, 2004: ): Compevely posoned producs: The decson crera used o selec producs under hs caegory s; RCA > 1, RCA RCA average of prevous hree years from > 0. Compevely posoned producs mprove conssenly over me and have an RCA ha s greaer han 1 n me. Threaened producs: The decson prncple o selec producs under hs group s as follows; RCA > 1, RCA RCA average of prevous hree years from < 0. Threaened producs have an RCA ha s greaer han 1. However, s nconssen and deeroraes over me. Emergng Producs: These produc lnes show RCA ndces ha are less han uny, revealed comparave advanage, however her relave world wde poson n he expors marke s mprovng. Also hese produc lnes exhb remarkable for fuure expor poenal. These produc group s sub-dvded no wo caergores n erms of her RCA poson. The selecon creron used o group hese produc lnes s gven as: Ter I: RCA < 1, RCA 0.5, RCA RCA average of prevous hree years from > 0. Ter I producs nally lack a comparave advanage bu, over me, move oward ganng a comparave advanage. Ter II: RCA < 0.5, RCA RCA average of prevous hree years from > 0. Ter II producs have a greaer comparave dsadvanage han er I producs, bu also ndcae a poenal shf oward comparave advanage over me. Weakly posoned producs: These produc group s sub-dvded no wo groups based on her relave level of revealed comparave dsadvanage. The selecon creron used o group hese producs s as follows; Ter I: RCA < 1, RCA 0.5, RCA RCA average of prevous hree years from < 0. Ter I producs have a revealed comparave dsadvanage: her comparave advanage declnes connuously over me. Ter II: RCA < 0.5, RCA RCA average of prevous hree years from < 0. Ter II producs have a greaer RCA, whch does no mprove over me. In able 7 dfference beween RCA values of Inda, Paksan and Chna s shown. Inda s RCA for exles n 2014 s 7.02, ndcang a dfference of from he correspondng prevous hree years average. Alhough Inda s 82

14 RCA values s greaer han 1, exles are classfed as hreaened producs because he value doesn mprove over me. Clohng ndusry n Inda s follows a smlar rend. Is RCA s greaer han 1 bu he dfference n values 2014 and he prevous hree years average s Ths suaon show ha clohng n Inda has become a hreaened produc group. In he case of Paksan exles, he dfference beween he RCA for 2014 and he prevous hree years average s -2.1 and he RCA s greaer han 1. Thus, exle s classfed as hreaened producs. The clohng ndusry presen a dfferen case. The RCA for clohng and he dfference beween he RCA for 2014 and he correspondng prevous hree years average 7,56. Ths mples ha he produc group a srong compeve poson n he nernaonal marke. In he case of Chna exles, he dfference beween he RCA for 2014 and he prevous hree years average s 0,21 and he RCA s greaer han 1.Ths mples ha he Chna s exle ndusry s classfed as compevely posoned producs. However, he clohng ndusry n Chna presen a dfferen case. The RCA for clohng 25,47 and he dfference beween he RCA for 2014 and he correspondng prevous hree years average -6,48. Ths mples ha Chna s clohng ndusry s classfed as hreaened producs. Table 7. Dfference Beween RCA Values Counry Dvson RCA RCA X / Inda Paksan Chna Source: Auhor s Calculaon. Texles -0,31 Clohng -12,82 Texles -2,1 Clohng 7,56 Texles 0,21 Clohng -6,48 IV. CONCLUSION In hs sudy, exle and clohng secor n Inda, Paksan and Chna was analyzed. For hs purpose, Grubel-Lloyd Index and Revealed Com- 83

15 parave Advanage Index was used. The fndngs obaned from hs sudy can be summarzed as follows: The level of nra-ndusry rade n exle ndusry s observed hgh more han clohng ndusry n Inda, Paksan and Chna. Revealed Comparave Advanage coeffcen of exle and clohng ndusry s greaer han 1 n Inda, Paksan and Chna. Ths mean ha he compeveness of he exle and clohng ndusry n Inda, Paksan and Chna s s hgh and hs counres have greaer comparave advanage n exle and clohng ndusry. Dynamc analyss of comparave advanage s based on four produc groups (compevely posoned producs, hreaened producs, emergng producs, weakly posoned producs) whch represen ha parcular commody s comparave advanage over me. Texle and clohng secor n Inda has become a hreaened produc group. Paksan s exle ndusry s classfed as hreaened producs. Paksan s clohng ndusry s classfed as compevely posoned producs. Chna s exle ndusry s classfed as compevely posoned producs. Chna s clohng ndusry s classfed as hreaened producs. REFERENCES AHMAD, N., KALIM, R., (2013). Changng Revealed Comparave Advanage of Texle and Clohng Secor of Paksan: Pre and Pos Quoa Analyss. Paksan Journal of Commerce and Socal Scences, 7(3): AKRAM, A., (2013). Pak-SAARC Inra-Indusry Trade. Paksan Insue of Developmen Economcs Islamabad, Workng Paper, 93: 1-25 ALTINTAŞ, N., & AKPOLAT, A., (2013). Teksl Seköründe Avrupa Brlğ le Türkye Arasındak Rekabe Analz. Kafkas Ünverses İksad ve İdar Blmler Faküles Dergs, 4(6): ALÜFTEKİN, N., YÜKSEL, Ö., TAŞ, A., ÇA- KAR, G., & BAYRAKTAR, F., (2009). Küresel Krzden Çıkışa Kümelenme Model: Teksl ve Hazır Gym Sekörü Örneğ. ZKÜ Sosyal Blmler Dergs, 5(10): 1-19 ÇAKMAK, Ö., (2005). Açıklanmış Karşılaşırmalı Üsünlükler ve Rekabe Gücü: Türkye Teksl ve Hazır Gym Endüsrs Üzerne Br Uygulama. Ege Akademk Bakış, 5(1): GRUBEL, H., & LLOYD, P., (1975). Inra-Indusry Trade: The Theory and Measuremen of Inernaonal Trade n Dfferenaed Producs London: MacMllan Pres 84

16 JUCEVICIUS, R., & RYBAKOVAS, E., (2010). Compeveness of Lıhuanıan Texle and Clohng Indusry. Lhuana Busness and Managemen, MAHMOOD, A., (2004). Expor Compeveness and Comparave Advanage of Paksan s Non-agrculural Producon Secors: Trends and Analyss. The Paksan Developmen Revew, 43(4): NORDAS, H., (2004). The Global Texle and Clohng Indusry Pos he Agreemen on Texles and Clohng. World Trade Organzaon Dscusson Paper, 5: 1-37 RASEKHI, S., & SHOJAEE, S., (2012). Deermnan Facors of he Vercal Inra-Indusry Trade n Agrculural Secor: A Sudy of Iran and Is Man Tradng Parners. Agrc. Econ. Czech, 58 (4): SHAHAB, S., & MAHMOOD, M., (2013). Comparave Advanage of Leaher Indusry n Paksan wh Seleced Asan Economes. Inernaonal Journal of Economcs and Fnancal, 3(1): SHAHBAZ, M., LEITAO, N.,& BUTT, M., (2012). Paksan Inra-Indusry Trade: A Panel Daa Approach. Inernaonal Journal of Economcs and Fnancal, 2(2): SUNDE, T., CHIDOKO, C., & ZIVANOMOYO, J., (2009). Deermnans of Inra-Indusry Trade beween Zmbabwe and s Tradng Parners n he Souhern Afrcan Developmen Communy Regon ( ). Journal of Socal Scences, 5(1): ŞAHİN, D., (2015). Teksl ve Hazır Gym Seköründe Endüsr-İç Tcaren Analz: Türkye ve Çn Örneğ. İşleme ve İksa Çalışmaları Dergs, 3(1):1-9 YALÇINKAYA, H., ÇILBANT, C., ERATAŞ, F., & HARTOĞLU, D., (2014). Açıklanmış Karşılaşırmalı Üsünlükler Eksennde Rekabe Gücünün Analz: Türk-Çn Dış Tcare Üzerne Br Uygulama. Yönem ve Ekonom Araşırmaları Dergs, 24: YÜCEL, Y., (2010). Uluslararası Tcaren Serbesleşrlmes Sürecnde Türk Teksl ve Hazır Gym Sekörünün Rekabe Gücü ve Çn Tehd. Marmara Ünverses İİBF Dergs, 29(2):

17 TEKSTİL VE HAZIR GİYİM SEKTÖRÜNÜN ANALİZİ: HİNDİSTAN, PAKİSTAN VE ÇİN ÖRNEĞİ Öz: Teksl ve hazır gym sekörü dünyanın en esk sanaylernden brdr. Bu sekör ülkelern ekonomk büyüme ve kalkınmasında öneml rol oynamakadır. Teksl ve hazır gym sekörler hem eknolojk olarak hem de care polkaları bakımından brbrler le yakından lşkldr. Teksl, k sekör arasında yaay bağlanılar oluşurarak, hazır gym sekörü çn öneml grd oluşurmakadır. İşgücü malyeler arafından şekllenen eksl ve hazır gym sekörü özellkle gelşmeke olan ülkeler çn oldukça önemldr. Çn, Bangladeş, Hndsan, Hong Kong ve Endonezya gb şgücü malyelernn çok düşük olduğu ülkeler sekörün mala kısmında lk sırada yer almakadır. Leraürde endüsr-ç care ve rekabe gücünün ölçümünü yönelk çok sayıda çalışma bulunmakadır. Bu çalışmalardan bazılarını şu şeklde özelemek mümkündür: Yücel (2010), Türk eksl ve hazır gym sekörünün rekabe gücü dönem çn analz edlmşr. Çalışmada, rekabe gücünün ölçümünde Balassa ve Vollrah ın endeks kullanılmışır. Sonuç olarak, sekörün karşılaşırmalı üsünlüğe sahp olduğu ancak bu üsünlüğün eksl seköründe 1998 den baren, hazır gym seköründe se 2005 yılından baren azaldığı görülmüşür. Ahmad ve Kalm (2013), Paksan ın eksl ve hazır seköründe rekabe gücü HS-2 ve SITC Rev.3 düzeynde analz edlmşr. Çalışmada sonuç olarak, Paksan ın eksl seköründe rekabe gücüne sahp olduğu ve hazır gym seköründe se, rekabe gücünün düşük olduğu görülmüşür. Bashımov (2014), dönemler çn Türkye ve Paksan arasındak eksl ve hazır gym sekörünün rekabe gücü analz edlmşr. Açıklanmış Karşılaşırmalı Üsünlükler endeks, Türkye nn Paksan karşısında eksl ve hazır gym seköründe rekabe dezavanajına sahp olduğunu gösermşr. Şahn (2015), Türkye ve Çn n eksl ve hazır gym seköründe dönemler arası endüsr-ç care sevyes ölçülmüşür. Çalışmada Grubel-Lloyd endeks kullanılmışır. Sonuç olarak Türkye ve Çn n eksl seköründek care endüsr-ç care şeklnde gerçekleşrken; hazır gym seköründe endüsrler-arası care şeklnde gerçekleşğ görülmüşür. Bu çalışmanın k amacı bulunmakadır. İlk; Hndsan, Paksan ve Çn n eksl ve hazır gym seköründe endüsr-ç care sevyesn Grubel-Lloyd endeksn kullanarak ölçmekr. İkncs; Hndsan, Paksan ve Çn n eksl ve hazır gym seköründe rekabe gücünü Açıklanmış Karşılaşırmalı Üsünlükler endeksn kullanarak ölçmekr. Çalışmada kullanılan hala ve hraca verlerne Brleşmş Mllelern Comrade ver abanından ulaşılmışır. Analz dönem 86

18 olarak yılları alınmışır. Çalışmada yapılan analz sonucunda ulaşılan bulgular şu şeklde özeleneblr. Hndsan, Paksan ve Çn de eksl seköründe endüsr-ç caren hazır gym sekörüne göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüşür. Yne, Hndsan, Paksan ve Çn de eksl ve hazır gym seköründe rekabe gücünün (AKÜ endeks değer>1) yüksek olduğu görülmüşür. Yapılan analz sonucunda dkka çeken durumlardan br de üç ülkede hazır gym seköründe rekabe gücünün eksl sekörüne göre daha yüksek olmasıdır. Karşılaşırmalı üsünlüklern ölçümü le sekörlern mevcu pozsyonlarının belrlendğ analzde se; Hndsan da eksl ve hazır gym sekörünün ehd pozsyon grubunda ; Paksan da eksl sekörünün ehd pozsyon grubunda, hazır gym sekörünün se rekabeç pozsyon grubunda ; Çn de eksl sekörünün rekabeç pozsyon grubunda, hazır gym sekörünün ehd pozsyon grubunda yer aldığı görülmüşür. Anahar Kelmeler: Teksl ve Hazır Gym Sekörü, Endüsr-ç Tcare, Açıklanmış Karşılaşırmalı Üsünlükler 87